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However, there is neither any globally accepted definition, nor any standardized tool to monitor quality of care in MNH. Bangladesh is on-track in achieving the targets for Millennium Development Goal 4 & 5 with low institutional delivery rate (29%), the majority (18%) of which takes place in for-profit private sector facilities. Poor quality of care in public facilities compels pregnant women to use private facilities which may lead to catastrophic health expenditure. Users may perceive services from private sector facilities to be superior to services from public facilities due to incentive mechanism. The unregulated private sector is growing fast in the country and there are reports of overcharging and unnecessary caesarean sections in the private facilities. Dual practice is common among public sector providers and referral from public to private for financial benefit is not uncommon. Governance is weak to oversee the pluralistic health system where the private sector is increasingly contributing in the health care delivery. Innovative systems' approach needed for better integration of private sector inputs to maximize their contribution in achieving the national public health goals. Audit and feedback has demonstrated its feasibility and effectiveness in improving providers performances in clinical settings in high-income countries. Several global programs such as JHPIEGO (Johns Hopkins Program for International Education in Gynecology and Obstetrics) and AMDD (Averting Maternal Death and Disability) of the Columbia University have developed tools to monitor and improve quality of MNH care. In this study we plan to review the existing audit and quality improvement tools to adapt them in Bangladesh to test its feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness in improving quality of MNH care following a district health systems approach. The study will be conducted in a medium performing district of Bangladesh following a mixed method, pretest-post-test research design .The tools developed, will be contextualized through multiple stakeholders consultations and finalized after pretesting in a hypothetical field outside the study district. A baseline study will be conducted for needs assessment and benchmarking the quality indicators in public and private sector hospitals for future evaluations. Baseline study will include SWOT and Stakeholders Analysis to understand the context and building broader alliance to facilitate the implementation of the designed interventions. District Quality Assurance (QA) Team will be formed involving key stakeholders in the district, including the users. Developed monitoring and feedback tool will include key quality indicators covering structure, process and outcome dimensions of quality of care and will be implemented through joint quarterly visit of all public and private facilities by the district QA team members. Feedback will be given every 6 monthly through workshops and periodic quality monitoring reports. Process documentation will be the key method for evaluation. Qualitative Key Informants Interviews with explore the enabling and constraining factors impacting both implementation and making changes in quality of MNH care. The quantitative pre and post intervention surveys will be the other methods for assessing the change in quality of care (both technical and perceived) due to introduction of stakeholders' monitoring and feedback. A costing exercise will measure the cost of interventions to inform policy for scale-up and sustainability. Study outcome will be communicated to target audience using multiple channels such as journal articles, conference abstracts, policy briefs and newspaper articles. An implementation research protocol will be developed to inform policy for future scale-up nationwide to impact maternal and neonatal health outcomes.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","2016-05-31T00:00:00Z","2015-03-19T00:00:00Z","2017-03-18T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["BD"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["12182"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["2","0","0","0","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","2016-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[4661.58,16103.27], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","3"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-12-31T00:00:00Z","2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-06-30T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[4661.58,4661.63,5654.62,5787.02], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-12-31T00:00:00Z","2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-06-30T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[5762.17156168788,5825.230952801982,7430.384775763523,8224.810298926284] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_M020533_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Children Learning About Second-hand Smoke (CLASS II): A pilot cluster randomised controlled trial"], "description_narrative":["Breathing in other people's smoke is called passive smoking; also sometimes referred to as involuntary or second-hand smoking (SHS). Second-hand smoke contains 4000 chemicals, 70 of which can cause cancer. SHS is particularly harmful to children's health and can lead to chest and ear infections, tuberculosis, meningitis and asthma. It is also associated with lung cancer and heart disease. Globally, 40% of children are exposed to SHS. Many countries have introduced bans on smoking in enclosed public spaces, which has significantly reduced adults' exposure to SHS. However, for the majority of children, cars and homes remain the most likely places for them to breathe in SHS. The only possible way to protect children from SHS is to make cars and homes completely smoke free. For the last three years, we have been working with teachers, children and their parents in primary schools in Dhaka, Bangladesh to develop and test an intervention called, 'Smoke Free Homes'. It consists of six teaching lessons delivered by schoolteachers, four fun activities and one educational take home resource. Teaching lessons help to increase pupils' knowledge about the harms caused by breathing in other people's smoke. Fun activities include storytelling, role-playing, quizzes and games. These activities help to motivate children to act and feel confident in talking to adults to persuade them not to smoke inside homes. The take-home resource helps children to show what they have learned in school and to negotiate with their families to \"sign-up\" to a voluntary contract to make their homes smoke-free. The results of this work show that it is possible to encourage children to discuss with their families ways of restricting smoking inside their homes. Inspired by what we found, we now wish to plan for a large study where we randomly select half of the schools to either have 'Smoke Free Homes' and half not to have it (but to receive it at the end of the study). We wish to examine how effective 'Smoke Free Homes' is in reducing children's exposure to SHS. We are also interested to see if the intervention improves their lung health, general quality of life, school attendance and school performance. We would also like to examine if it helps in changing their attitude towards smoking and makes it less likely for them to take up smoking in future. To provide accurate answers to these important questions, we will need to recruit many schools and possibly thousands of children. We will also need to use objective measurements including testing children's saliva for cotinine - a chemical derivative of nicotine found in those who are exposed to SHS. Other measures will include breathing tests to assess children's lung capacities and volumes, questionnaires and diaries to be kept by children to record their symptoms such as cough, wheeze and scales to measure school performance and attitudes to smoking. Before carrying out this large study, we plan to conduct a pilot study. This pilot study will simulate the large study but will be conducted on a smaller scale. The information obtained from the pilot study will help us to carefully plan for the large study and help us to test our assumptions. These include the number of schools and children to be recruited, feasibility and acceptability of the specified measurements and resource requirement for scaling up the intervention. We are proposing to conduct this pilot study in Dhaka Division, Bangladesh. We will recruit a total of 12 primary schools and 360, year 5 (10-12 years old) children. We will undertake all the measurements as described above using internationally agreed standards and measures. Once measurements have been taken, half of the schools will be randomly chosen to receive 'Smoke Free Homes' while the other half will not receive the intervention until the end. We will repeat the assessments at two, six and twelve months after the intervention. Findings will help us to plan for the large study.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["BD"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["12182"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","2016-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2016-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[74532.8,56337.48], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2017-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-12-31T00:00:00Z","2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","2015-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[3755.83,3755.83,3755.83,3755.83,149649.45], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2017-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-12-31T00:00:00Z","2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","2015-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[5005.796473357554,4693.3319824744285,4935.30282359485,5337.978660003992,223792.31257154484] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_M026469_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Is Lactoferrin more effective than inorganic iron in treating iron def anaemia in non-pregnant and if effective in pregnant women? 2 randomised trials"], "description_narrative":["Oral bovine lactoferrin is a novel, unconventional way to prevent low birthweight, preterm birth & neonatal deaths associated with maternal iron deficiency in low income settings. Each year about 20 million low birthweight babies are born worldwide. Low birthweight is caused by either preterm delivery (babies born earlier than expected) or fetal growth retardation. In countries where perinatal health services are limited, low birthweight and preterm birth are a major cause of neonatal deaths. Low birthweight babies are 20 or more times likely to die than heavier babies, with much of this mortality burden due to preterm birth. The current paradigm of using iron supplements (and folic acid) targeted at pregnant women often fails, in part because of the side effects, which are a strong barrier to use of the supplements early in pregnancy, a period of vulnerability for iron deficient women and their fetus and future newborn. And also because maternal inflammation and micronutrient deficiencies block effective utilization of iron Our approach will provide a product that will efficiently deliver iron and that can be taken early in pregnancy during a critical intervention window, which offers the potential to prevent neonatal deaths.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","2015-05-26T00:00:00Z","2017-08-31T00:00:00Z","2018-11-25T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["BD"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["12182"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["1","0","0","0","0","0","0","2"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","2017-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2016-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[50776.41,62701.09,24424.31], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","3","3","3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2016-12-31T00:00:00Z","2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","2015-03-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[2201.31,2201.32,2683.54,2683.54,3217.98,3253.6,3385.09,148908.38], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2016-12-31T00:00:00Z","2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-06-30T00:00:00Z","2015-03-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[2890.3128914881454,2950.7037655409167,3435.3794854319226,3309.720346117492,4021.2279184529284,4275.353588114533,4811.063914552287,223024.75540766254] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_T005033_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Azithromycin and cefixime combination versus azithromycin alone for the out-patient treatment of typhoid in South Asia; a randomised controlled trial"], "description_narrative":["Typhoid fever is characterized by fever and abdominal symptoms. It affects more than 14 million children and adults globally each year. Between one and two million of these patients may progress to severe and life-threatening complications including intestinal bleeding, intestinal puncture (perforation) with surrounding inflammation (peritonitis) and a syndrome of somnolence and coma (encephalopathy). Up to 1% of patients who get typhoid may die of the disease. A typhoid illness can be followed by a relapse 2-3 weeks later and lead to a prolonged period of ill health and catastrophic financial cost to the family with a resulting burden on the health system and society. In South Asia, which is the largest typhoid hub in the world, the annual burden of disease is estimated at seven million. Effective antimicrobial treatment leads to a resolution of the patient illness in 4 to 6 days and reduces risk of progression to life-threatening complications. If started early in the disease a 7 to 10-day course of treatment with a single oral antimicrobial treatment can be given in an out-patient setting without the need for expensive hospitalization. In the last 20 years fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, have been successfully used. However antimicrobial resistance in the bacteria that cause typhoid fever has now become common in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In South Asia resistance to ciprofloxacin in typhoid is widespread. Resistance limits the choice of effective antimicrobials and increases the risk of patients developing severe disease. Because of these concerns Salmonella has been recently listed in the 'Priority 2: HIGH on the WHO Priority Pathogens List. A number of experts have called for the use of antimicrobial combinations in typhoid fever to improve the efficacy of treatment and mitigate the problems of resistance. This suggestion is not backed up by good quality evidence. A current standard regimen, recommended by the World Health Organization, is a 7-day course of the oral antimicrobial azithromycin. Emerging evidence from small studies suggests that a combination of azithromycin and cefixime may achieve a better cure than azithromycin alone. The ACT-South Asia study aims to answer the question whether a combination of azithromycin and cefixime is more effective than azithromycin alone in the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever. In this trial we will recruit 1500 patients across four sites in typhoid-endemic areas of Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. We will use a placebo (sugar pill) instead of cefixime in the single drug arm so that neither the patient nor the study team know which patient is receiving which treatment. Our aim is to assess whether treatment outcomes are better with the combination regime at completion of the one week of treatment and again at follow-up one and three months after treatment was started. Both of these antimicrobials are widely used and have an excellent safety profiles, but we will carefully monitor for side effects. We will additionally investigate the financial implications for families and the health system. The recent emergence and spread of a particularly resistant typhoid strain in Pakistan adds urgency to this question. If the combination treatment is better than the single antibiotic treatment, the involvement of four countries in the study will allow generalization of the results across South Asia and other typhoid endemic areas. Considering the high burden of typhoid fever in this region even small improvements in the treatment success will translate into a benefit for many individuals and families and the health system as a whole. For example, a reduction in treatment failures in the 7 million patients with typhoid fever in South Asia from 15 % (with azithromycin alone) to 10 % using the antimicrobial combination, will mean at least 350,000 patients will experience a faster cure, fewer hospital admissions with less financial impact.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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Second-hand smoke (SHS) contains harmful chemicals and is a serious health hazard to non-smokers. SHS is estimated to cost more than 800,000 lives per year, worldwide. Children are worst affected; almost a third of deaths from SHS exposure occur in children. A large proportion of the overall burden of diseases due to SHS in children is due to lung diseases such as asthma and chest infections and lung cancer. SHS exposure can also lead to meningitis in children. Children exposed to SHS are more likely to be hospitalised, fall short of their academic potential and take up smoking themselves as compared to those living in smoke-free environments. Recognising SHS as a public health threat, most countries have introduced bans on smoking in enclosed public spaces, which has significantly reduced adults' exposure to SHS. However, for many children, cars and homes remain the most likely places for them to breathe SHS. The only possible way to protect them from SHS is to make cars and homes completely smoke-free. For the last few years, we have been working with schools, parents and children to develop and test a school-based intervention called, 'Smoke-Free Intervention (SFI). It consists of six teaching lessons delivered by schoolteachers, four fun activities and one educational take home resource. Teaching lessons help to increase pupils' knowledge about the harms caused by breathing second-hand smoke. Fun activities include storytelling, role-playing, quizzes and games. These activities help to motivate children to act and feel confident in talking to adults to persuade them not to smoke inside homes. The take-home resource helps children to show what they have learned in school and to negotiate with their families to \"sign-up\" to a voluntary contract to make their homes smoke-free. 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We will randomly allocate schools to two arms: arm 1 and arm 2. School teachers in arm 1 will receive training and resources on SFI. School teachers will then deliver SFI in classrooms to the children. Those in arm 2, will not deliver anything about SHS to the children. They will receive SFI to deliver only after the completion of the trial. We will also use objective measurements including testing children saliva for cotinine (a chemical compound derived from nicotine) to assess whether our intervention has reduced their SHS exposure. We will also record their respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing and measure their lung functions and quality of life. We will undertake these measurements as described above using internationally agreed standards. During the study, we will repeat these assessments at regular intervals. Using economics, we will also assess whether SFI is value for money. 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This involves instances where funding can be utilized to 9 original grant objectives affected by the ODA review, or opportunities for new follow-on, knowledge exchange or impact activities. 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In a series of projects, we have examined the challenges of transitioning women into supervisory roles. The first of the projects was funded through the DfID-ESRC Growth Research Program (ES/J009466/1). Our research has helped factories select better female candidates for supervisory positions, helped training providers hone the content of their training, and led to an increase in female supervisors in the sector. Long-term follow-up data from 44 project factories indicates that the percentage of female supervisors doubled from four percent to over eight percent between 2016 and 2017. In this project, we aim to build on both the momentum toward female leadership and the lessons learned from the earlier research to help training providers deliver more effective training over a longer training window, while preparing women for leadership positions from an early point in their careers.\n\nWe will evaluate a pilot training program that aims to intervene earlier in the women's career in the sector, with training spread over a longer period of time. We aim to understand if the earlier and more sustained intervention induces women to invest more in the skills necessary to be effective supervisors; increases their confidence when they are working as supervisors; increases retention rates in the factory and sector; and makes them more effective supervisors after they are promoted. We will work with factories to identify candidates for the training program and work with trainers to customise a training program covering both soft skills - leadership, communication and confidence - and hard skills - line balancing, performance measurement, etc. Training will be spread over a period of one year, with half-day sessions fortnightly.","Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000555","GB-COH-RC000555"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESEARCH COUNCIL"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["BD"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["43082"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","11"], "policy_marker_significance":["2","0","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2022-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[16117.94,5012.7], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-12-31T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[5012.7,16117.94], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-12-31T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[6604.5349753771225,21162.802951984246] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-OODA-ESRC-JZQR3SF-WVTTYY8-THRVGNT", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Graduation as Resilience Stage Two"], "description_narrative":["Important development programmes such as microfinance often do not reach the very poorest households. A new set of initiatives, called Graduation programmes, have targeted these very poor households. Their objective is to graduate them out of poverty in a sustainable manner and make them resilient so they do not fall back into poverty.\nMost of these programmes target women and use some form of asset transfer, and perhaps stipends for a fixed period. In addition to this material support they often help clients to strengthen their social network. Typically, programmes expect to work with clients for two years before they are ready to graduate.\nIn addition some programmes provide psychological support to these poor women who are often marginalised socially and often have very little confidence to engage even in petty business. But not all programmes include this component. The question is should they?\nHow important is psychological support such as life planning, confidence building and strengthening social awareness in helping poor women to graduate in a resilient way? Surprisingly, no research has actually addressed this question. It is a development frontier and we do not know for sure what the answer is.\nThis research is stage two of a project seeking to answer this question. In stage one, the research team adopted a well-known model of psychological wellbeing and tested it on a sample of women from a BRAC programme called 'Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty Reduction: Targeting the Ultra-Poor' (CFPR-TUP) There has been a lot of economic and social research on this programme and almost all the evidence shows that it is effective in bringing poor women and their households out of poverty and that is also efficient in terms of cost. However none of this research has really focused on the relative importance of the different inputs -material, social and psychological. In particular the psychological dimension has had no research. 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