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      "title_narrative":["UKRI COVID-19 Grant Extension Allocation (CoA) - University of the West of England"],
      "description_narrative":["The UKRI COVID-19 Grant Extension Allocation (CoA) provided organisations with resources to sustain UKRI grant-funded research during the period of pandemic disruption and its immediate aftermath. Some of the funding was directly used supporting ODA-eligible grants at University of the West of England.","Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges."],
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      "title_narrative":["Repair and Repurposing for Pandemic Resilience in Low Income and Humanitarian Settings"],
      "description_narrative":["Project aims to ensure the continued provision and access to basic energy needs for refugees/displaced people in Burkina Faso and across Sub Saharan Africa by collecting data and repair and repurposing of humanitarian technology SDG 7,3 COVID-19","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_N023005_1",
      "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13",
      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Rational Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzimidazoles; Towards a Novel Therapy Selectively Targeting C. neoformans beta-tubulin"],
      "description_narrative":["The Need:  Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) is a yeast like fungus which manifests as meningitis and less frequently pneumonia within the human body. In sub-Saharan Africa C. neoformans causes more deaths annually than tuberculosis. C. neoformans is the most common cause of fungal infection in patients with AIDS and there are an estimated 1 million cases of cryptococcal meningitis worldwide each year. The current drugs used to treat this disease are a 2 week course of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine followed by a long term course of fluconazole. Amphotericin B  and 5-flucytosine are associated with toxicity and fluconazole suppresses the growth of the fungus but does not completely remove it from the body. There is a therefore a great need for new drugs to treat C. neoformans infections. These drugs must have less toxicity and work better against the disease. The aim of this proposal is to complete the early stage drug discovery activities required to ultimately develop new drugs for cryptococcal meningoencephalitis that can be used in sub-Saharan Africa.  The Concept:  It has previously been reported within scientific papers that a class of compound called the benzimidazoles (widely used to treat worm infections in humans and as fungicides in agriculture) have good activity against C. neoformans in a laboratory and this has subsequently been confirmed by work here at the University of Liverpool (UoL). Benzimidazoles have been shown to interfere with cell division in C. neoformans through binding to beta-tubulin. Beta-tubulin is a protein that is essential for cell division and growth, when benzimidazoles bind to beta-tubulin the fungal cell can no longer grow. More recently, unpublished studies carried out at UoL have shown flubendazole to be active against C. neoformans in the mouse model. Humans also have beta-tubulin so it is essential that any new drug developed against the beta-tubulin target is selective for C. neoformans beta-tubulin. Medicinal chemistry (modification of the chemical structure of a drug) can be used to improve both selectivity for beta-tubulin and activity against C. neoformans.  The Solution:  Identification of an active class of compound, against a known target, with established whole cell C. neoformans and animal model activity provides an excellent starting point for medicinal chemistry modification. To date benzimidazole compounds have never undergone medicinal chemistry optimisation to establish beta-tubulin selectivity or to improve C. neoformans activity. The two most commonly use benzimidazole drugs (Flubendazole and albendazole) are extensively metabolised within the body and have a limited ability to move from the stomach into the blood stream. New compounds will be designed using information from computer models to predict how they are likely to behave within the body.  In order to improve the safety profile of the newly designed compounds their selectivity for C. neoformans beta-tubulin over human beta-tubulin will be measured in the laboratory (alongside activity against C. neoformans) and computer models of the binding sites of the two tubulins used to look at how new compounds are likely to bind better with C. neoformans beta-tubulin. Once C. neoformans activity, selectivity for beta-tubulin and improved levels of circulating drug have been established the compounds will move into a mouse model of C. neoformans infection.   Impact:  The long term aim is to develop a single therapy that does not require subsequent long term treatment with fluconazole and that can be given both orally and by injection. Given the number of patients affected by C. neoformans this project has the potential to have a dramatic beneficial impact on individuals and societies.  Development:  Compounds demonstrating activity in the mouse model will form the basis of further funding applications to progress the new drugs through the drug development pipeline.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis"],
      "description_narrative":["The continuing threat from new infectious diseases has been highlighted in recent years by the emergence of MERS-coronavirus in the Middle East, Ebola in West Africa and Zika in Latin America. Preparing for and responding to such threats is a priority for public health agencies and governments worldwide. Equally importantly, as scientific research delivers new approaches to controlling existing infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV, tuberculosis and polio, there is a need to determine what interventions are likely to work best to limit the disease and illness caused by a specific disease in a particular setting.  In this context, computer modelling of the spread of diseases in populations coupled with scientifically rigorous data analysis have proven themselves as powerful tools for giving insight into how diseases spread and what can be done to limit that control that spread. The Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis undertakes research on these scientific methods and applies them to disease threats of concern.   A key feature of the Centre is the close links it has made with with public health agencies - such as the Public Health England, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the US (CDC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) - organisations which have to formulate and implement strategies to control infectious diseases.   Senior scientists in the Centre are world-leaders in infectious disease modelling and analysis. They have broad experience in responding to real epidemics, and undertaking epidemiological research on endemic diseases (such as malaria, HIV, tuberculosis and polio). Their work directly influences disease control policy through the many interactions the Centre has with public health organisations and governments.   Funding provided by MRC and Imperial College has allowed dedicated investment into the development of close collaborative partnerships with PHE, CDC and WHO and governments and research centres in many low and middle income countries (LMICs). We also work closely with other important organisations who work on improving health in LMICs (notably the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, The Global Fund and Gavi). With each, our collaborative research has both scientific interest to Centre researchers and contributes to the evidence base for public health decisions. Centre funding supports a core technical capacity available to all projects and pays for dedicated liaison staff who facilitate and enhance our partnerships with major global health organisations and LMICs.   MRC funding has also facilitated a greater focus on collaboration, training and career development within the Centre - training the next generation of quantitative infectious disease epidemiologists. We are also involved in increasing knowledge of advanced modelling methods in public health institutions and the wider infectious disease research community, and so have run a large number of introductory short-courses and workshops (in 13 countries in the last 5 years)  This applied activity depends on more fundamental research undertaken in the Centre on the transmission dynamics of different diseases, how diseases evolve genetically over time, and on analysing new approaches to control or treat diseases. This research is interdisciplinary, with Centre researchers working with leading clinical and experimental scientists around the world.  Continued Centre funding will allow existing partnerships to be sustained and enhanced, and new collaborations with researchers and health agencies in LMICs to be developed. By supporting PhD training and postdoctoral career development, it will also continue to expand the UK skill base in mathematical modelling and advanced analysis applied to health problems. Last, continued MRC support will pump-prime new priority research areas, including work on improving the development of new vaccines and on tackling the global challenge posed by antimicrobial resistance.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Human Decoy Trap; operational and social acceptability of novel tool to improve surveillance and control of mosquitoes and other disease vectors"],
      "description_narrative":["Malaria infects over 200 million people every, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly half a million people died from the disease in 2015, the majority of deaths being in children under the age of five. The malaria parasite is spread by infected mosquitoes and the most effective way to monitor the disease is to monitor populations of these mosquitoes. However, current tools for sampling malarial mosquitoes are time-consuming and labour intensive, making them expensive and difficult to standardize. Accordingly, data between countries and regions cannot be reliably compared. To solve this problem, we have developed a mosquito trap that exploits the blood-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes by mimicking the sensory stimuli that a mosquito follows when searching for a person to bite. These include the look, smell and temperature of warm-blooded hosts. We have incorporated these stimuli into a trap that lures mosquitoes towards it and then captures them when they land. Our project will test this \"Human Decoy\" Trap against current methods used in mosquito monitoring to determine whether the Human Decoy Trap can overcome the limitations of existing tools. We will evaluate if Human Decoy Trap catches are suitably similar to those of current traps in terms of numbers of mosquitoes and other important data related to malaria that can be extracted from mosquitoes caught by traps, such as the proportion of caught mosquitoes infected with malaria parasites. Over 90 countries, mostly low and middle income, are malaria-endemic. We will work in Burkina Faso, Benin and Cameroon, three West African countries where malaria causes thousands of deaths every year, but differing in intensity and seasonality of transmission and with different mosquito species involved. This will help us to understand whether there are differences in trap performance in a wide range of malaria settings. In addition, we will work with end-users of the trap, namely local communities, public health operatives and field technicians, to better understand their perspectives and needs regarding mosquito sampling and control. During the course of the project, we will use data we collect to optimize and improve the trap's performance and design. This will help us to develop a commercial prototype that is effective and acceptable to end-users, maximising the likelihood the trap will be adopted into the communities and sectors that need it the most. Longer-term, we envision a version of the Human Decoy Trap that can be deployed as a mosquito control tool. The most effective way of controlling malaria is to reduce the number of infective mosquito bites a person receives. This is currently achieved by providing people with insecticide-treated bed nets to protect them from bites whilst they sleep and spraying the walls inside houses thus killing mosquitoes that rest there. However, neither of these options protects people from mosquitoes that may bite them outdoors during the day or just before they go to bed at night. Data from this current project will be used to provide preliminary evidence for the suitability of the Human Decoy Trap as a control tool that is specifically targeted at malaria mosquitoes biting outdoors, which may also be effective against other species of mosquitoes that can carry other infectious diseases, such as dengue fever, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Such an improved sampling method would enhance the quality of data necessary for efficient targeting and evaluation of malaria control intervention activities and reduce the cost of collecting it. A successful outdoor mosquito control device would help to reduce the population of infected mosquitoes that cause malaria. Ultimately, the combined effect of these tools would be a reduction in the human suffering and death caused by malaria to millions of people every year and an improvement in the social and economic prospects of the 3.2 billion people living at risk of malaria.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Development of a new tool for malaria mosquito surveillance to improve vector control"],
      "description_narrative":["Since the year 2000, controlling mosquitoes with insecticide-based interventions has led to a 37% reduction in malaria mortality globally. Nevertheless, malaria still caused 438 000 deaths in 2015, and further progress is being threatened by increasing levels of insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. The global malaria community urgently needs new tools to monitor mosquito vector populations. Several aspects of mosquito demography and physiology are particularly crucial for planning and assessing vector control strategies.  Prime amongst these are determination of mosquito vector species and age structure.  Accurate species identification is required to confirm what vectors are responsible for transmission.  Mosquito age is a critical determinant of their transmission potential.  This is because the malaria parasite undergo a period of development within the vector before they become transmissible.  Additionally, measurement of insecticide resistance status is essential to assess how effectively vectors could be targeted by current frontline control methods such as Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) and spraying. Unfortunately, no methods are currently available  for rapid, large-scale and simultaneous measurement of these crucial mosquito vector demographic and physiological traits. This proposal aims to fill that gap by developing and validating a novel technology for high throughput, high precision surveillance of malaria vector populations in LMICs.   This project aims to develop such a tool for malaria vectors on the basis on strong existing partnerships with leading African malaria researchers, and world-class physical chemists and vector biologists in the UK.   Specifically, the technology is based on the measurement of molecular signature of the mosquito cuticle, which is the outer part of the insects, to predict key traits (species, age and insecticide resistance). Indeed, the composition and structure of the mosquito cuticle, similar to the mammalian skin, changes when the organism ages, it is different in different species, and it is altered in mosquitoes that are resistant to insecticides. Here, we propose to characterize the cuticular changes associated with the traits mentioned above to then make predictions on individual mosquitoes of unknown conditions. The proposed technology is rapid and cost effective as it is based on the measurement of the light absorbed by mosquitoes, a procedure that do not require any sample preparation nor chemical reagents, and it is readily performed in few seconds by a spectrophotometer. The spectra - corresponding to the light absorbed by individual mosquitoes - will be analysed by powerful computational analysis which will enable to estimate the mosquito traits.  We will follow a two-stage process starting with laboratory evaluation of mosquitoes at the University of Glasgow to build on our compelling pilot work on the use of Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (MIRS) coupled with artificial neural network (ANN).  After further optimization and methods development, we will transfer this technology to two of Africa's leading malaria vector research and control institutes where it will undergo further evaluation and application within a diverse range of mosquito vector populations.  We envision this will form the first steps of a pathway along which this technology can be transferred to LMICs for integration into a range of mosquito surveillance applications including programmes to eliminate malaria, and control of other mosquito-borne pathogens such as Zika and Dengue where effective solutions are desperately needed.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["UKRI COVID-19 Grant Extension Allocation (CoA) - Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine"],
      "description_narrative":["The UKRI COVID-19 Grant Extension Allocation (CoA) provided organisations with resources to sustain UKRI grant-funded research during the period of pandemic disruption and its immediate aftermath. Some of the funding was directly used supporting the following ODA-eligible grants at Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine: MR/T003324/1; \nMR/T004045/1; \nMR/S00467X/1; \nES/S00811X/1.","Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges."],
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