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      "description_narrative":["Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death globally. In 2015, WHO estimated there were 9.6 million TB cases and 1.5 TB deaths. Nearly 500,000 of these cases were resistant to two or more of the main drugs used to treat TB. New drugs, and combinations of drugs, are being developed to treat tuberculosis, as are new vaccines that may protect against disease in adults.  Quantifying the burden of TB is fundamental to understanding its global epidemiology and for making appropriate resource allocation decisions. Most estimates of new TB case numbers each year rely strongly on the number of cases reported by countries in that year to WHO. Unfortunately, one in three TB cases are thought to go either undetected or unreported, so the number of cases reported underestimates the number of new cases. While one can correct for this, it is hard to know exactly how much to adjust the reported numbers. Some countries have good systems for recording causes of deaths, which can be used to estimate the number of deaths caused by TB. Increasingly, large and expensive prevalence surveys are being used to estimate the number of people with active disease in a population. These estimates are less subject to bias, but measure a different quantity. Little work has explored the best way of combining these three data sources.  A major goal of this work is to use mathematical transmission models for burden estimation and provide a unified framework for all data. These models yield the number of new cases, deaths, and also the prevalence of disease. They explicitly represent disease transmission and so introduce a dependence between the number of new cases in different years. These models involve parameters evidenced from previous epidemiological work, but must be calibrated to learn from data on TB reports, deaths and prevalence. Calibration means adjusting imperfectly known model parameters in order to match observed model outputs to the data. This process provides a model that may be used to make predictions about burden, but may also teach us something about the underlying processes. Many of the parameters concerning the epidemiology and disease course of TB are quite uncertain, and this uncertainty is rarely represented fully in models needing calibration, but will be done in this project using statistical techniques that also allow comparison of different models' performance.   TB burden estimation and calibration of transmission models are almost always carried out on a country-by-country basis. Many parameters describing disease progression are likely to be similar in different countries, even if their exact values differ for unknown reasons. Hierarchical modelling techniques allow such parameters to be correlated between countries. This can improve precision, particularly for countries with little data, as estimates can be informed by data from neighbouring countries. I will explore these techniques for the transmission model, and also in statistical modelling aiming to account for the observed patterns of drug-resistance. The transmission model will ultimately be extended to include different types of drug resistance.  As new treatments and vaccines emerge, those with responsibility for public health will want to understand the potential impact these new technologies can have in terms of gains in health, and changes in spending. Producing cost-effectiveness and budget impact evidence requires a model that includes transmission, in order to account for indirect benefits accrued by avoiding secondary cases. We will use our model to provide guidance to decision-makers seeking to maximise health gain with limited resources. We will also analyse sources of uncertainty in the model to identify future research that would have most value in increasing the precision of burden estimates and in reducing decision uncertainty around the introduction of new interventions.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "description_narrative":["Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of diseases that thrive mainly among the poorest of the world's populations. Three of the World Health Organisation's 10 most significant neglected tropical diseases - African trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, and Chagas' disease - are caused by closely-related single-celled parasites. Human infection with African trypanosomes is brought about when an infected tsetse fly takes a blood meal. Without treatment the disease progresses through general ill health to coma and death. Current drugs in use against trypanosomes are old, toxic and failing due to emergence of resistance. Urgent new research is needed to identify potential new therapeutic options.  An unusual aspect of African trypanosomes is that they multiply in the human blood in full view of the body's defence systems. They do this by periodically changing their cell surface to escape recognition by the host. However, many molecules on the parasite surface perform essential functions and cannot be changed. Trypanosomes place these in a special, protected domain on the cell surface. Identifying surface-exposed invariant molecules and understanding how this protective segregation is maintained are of major scientific interest, as well as of practical utility in uncovering ways in which trypanosomes may be vulnerable to new therapies.  Using a combinatorial approach funded by the MRC, I have previously identified the composition of the African trypanosome cell surface. I now aim to exploit this knowledge to single out those invariant surface molecules that are essential to the survival of the parasite during infection. For this, I propose to harness some of the power of modern DNA sequencing technologies to test which cell surface genes, when silenced, cause the parasite to die inside the host. A similar method will be used to identify not only cell surface genes, but any genes that the parasite uses to maintain the cell surface organisation, which is so critical to escaping the host immune attack.   Finally, I propose to test those surface-exposed molecules for their potential as vaccines. My pilot experiments show that I can use genetically-modified parasite to screen for molecules on the parasite surface that are accessible to the immune system. I propose to develop this assay and test the most promising candidates in an animal model of human disease. The proposed work will increase our understanding of the fundamental biology of a significant human parasite, and also, by exposing essential surface molecules, provide the first steps in developing new treatments.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["SFC - GCRF QR funding"],
      "description_narrative":["Formula GCRF funding to the Scottish Funding Council to support Scottish higher education institutes (HEIs) to carry out ODA-eligible activities in line with their three-year institutional strategies. ODA research grants do not represent the full economic cost of research and therefore additional funding is provided to Scottish HEIs in proportion to their Research Excellence Grant (REG). In FY19/20 funding was allocated to 18 Scottish higher education institutes to support existing ODA grant funding and small projects. GCRF has now supported more than 800 projects at Scottish institutions, involving over 80 developing country partners.","This activity contributes to the aims and objectives of BEIS ODA Research and Innovation funds the Newton Fund and the Global Challenges Research Fund. They fund UK supported research and innovation to help people in low and middleincome countries.\nThis will:\n• Help us to make progress towards UnitedNations’ Sustainable Development Goals\n• Improve capabilities for research and innovation around the world\n• Create the networks and opportunities for groups of researchers to work together on specific challenges\n• Enhance people’s welfare and create opportunities for them\n• Improve governance, policies and practices\n• Reduce gender inequalities"],
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      "title_narrative":["HEFCW - GCRF QR funding"],
      "description_narrative":["Additional GCRF funding to the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales to support Welsh higher education institutes (HEIs) to carry out ODA-eligible activities in line with their institutional strategies. ODA research grants do not represent the full economic cost of research and therefore additional funding is provided to Welsh HEIs in line with their research council grant income. In FY19/20 funding was allocated to Aberystwyth University, Bangor University, Cardiff University and Swansea University. In FY19/20, the funding was used to fund: the full economic cost of existing ODA eligible activities (e.g. already funded by GCRF); small ODA-eligible projects; fellowships to ODA-eligible researchers; and to increase collaboration and impact. 53 ODA-eligible countries have been reported as benefiting from the funded work, with Brazil and India the most frequently mentioned. By region, the largest number of projects were based in the LDC’s (Least Developed Countries) in Asia, South America, and East Africa, with only a few projects in the middle-income countries such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Georgia.","This activity contributes to the aims and objectives of BEIS ODA Research and Innovation funds the Newton Fund and the Global Challenges Research Fund. They fund UK supported research and innovation to help people in low and middleincome countries.\nThis will:\n• Help us to make progress towards UnitedNations’ Sustainable Development Goals\n• Improve capabilities for research and innovation around the world\n• Create the networks and opportunities for groups of researchers to work together on specific challenges\n• Enhance people’s welfare and create opportunities for them\n• Improve governance, policies and practices\n• Reduce gender inequalities"],
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      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-GCRF-BBSRC-7CDQHQ4-8FWJMSF-R3UJNPT",
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      "title_narrative":["GCRF Agri-tech Catalyst Seeding Award - NIAB"],
      "description_narrative":["The primary outcome of this award is the adoption of relevant agricultural and food system innovations by farmers and other stakeholders in target countries in Africa. Benefiting residents in rural communities in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Mozambique, Zambia, Ghana, Tanzania.\n\nSecondary outcomes include increased and improved understanding amongst UK businesses of the needs and opportunities in African countries; and increased engagement with African countries by UK businesses, including successful collaborations and lasting partnerships post-project.\n\nThe Seeding Award funded ten activities to support rural farmers by contributing to improved yields, tackling plant disease, improving food safety, and resilience to climate-change: Seeding Funding will also address the current inequality in technology readiness, particularly in African agriculture. We will support the nascent agricultural technology community to develop prototypes of new technologies that could be applied to improved agriculture. The activities were:\n1) Workshop and Hackathon held at Bahir Dar university\n2) Capture development and deployment to detect sequences enhancing geminivirus symptons cassava and its wild relative\n3) Genetic diversity of a core set of Ethiopian Teff varieties as a public resource to drive agronomic gains\n4) Investigating endophytes in Zimbabwean cucurbit crops\n5) Testing and development of low-cost IoT sensors for precision irrigation by smallholder farmers\n6) An attract and kill device for the control of banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus, in banana: a vital staple crop in Uganda.\n7) Sustainable smallholder cocoa production in Ghana: understanding and controlling beetle transmission of Phytophthora pod rot\n8) Understanding the impact of combined stresses on the nutritional quality and productivity of African Eggplant\n9) Improving orphan crops phenotyping method for yield improvement in Ethiopia\n10) Enhanced practical diagnostics for common bean root-rot pathogens in East Africa\nSDGs: 2, 8, 9","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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