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      "description_narrative":["The GNCAs represent an additional allocation from BEIS designed to reinvest in excellent UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) and Newton Fund programmes and enable them to maximise development impact. This involves instances where funding can be utilized to 9 original grant objectives affected by the ODA review, or opportunities for new follow-on, knowledge exchange or impact activities. In either case, the funding is targeted to support research along the route to achieving economic or social impact in countries on the OECD DAC list.","Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges."],
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      "title_narrative":["International: Decision support for restoring ecological networks in rapidly developing, biodiverse countries"],
      "description_narrative":["Ecosystems are under threat worldwide - natural habitats are being lost and the remaining areas are degraded and fragmented. Developing countries in the tropics have some of the world's highest concentrations of endemic species, but very high rates of land-use change. Climate change is already affecting tropical species, and there is particular concern about whether they will be able to shift from areas that become too hot or dry, across fragmented landscapes, to reach refuges in montane regions. If land-use change and forest degradation continue too intensively in these countries, species and ecosystem functions will be lost, leading to detrimental impacts on the livelihoods of local people dependent on these lands. Habitats across a landscape can be thought of as an \"ecological network\", and these networks need to have sufficient habitat area, quality and connectivity to be functional. Robust ecological networks require stronger protection of existing habitat and restoration of degraded forest. Policy makers and nature conservation practitioners are increasingly thinking about biodiversity conservation at landscape scales, but continuing land-use change leads to difficult decisions about how to prioritise habitat preservation and restoration, and technologies are lacking to allow practitioners to be able to do this.  There is huge potential for landscape prioritisation to be informed by NERC-funded research. We have developed a model based on ecological understanding of range shifts, which quantifies how different elements of a habitat network contribute to long-distance connectivity. This model can also identify the best habitat to preserve, or locations to target for restoration. We have also quantified biodiversity in fragmented tropical forest habitats, and shown how land-use change affects forest species, in particular the extent to which they can persist in selectively logged forest, small forest fragments, extensive plantations and intensive plantations. This knowledge can now be used innovatively with new technologies and data, particularly remotely sensed data, to enable large-scale sustainable land-use planning for tropical developing countries under climate change.  This project will develop an online spatial decision support tool for planning robust and resilient habitat networks under climate change. Our tool will be co-created and tested with partners in Ghana, Indonesia and Malaysia, locations where landscape planning is urgently required to support the livelihoods of local communities and other stakeholders dependent on building resilient landscapes under environmental change . Our partner organisations are responsible for sustainable forest planning and biodiversity protection in their countries, balancing biodiversity and socio-economic needs of landscapes. Our partners have proposed specific case studies that exemplify the most pressing choices and alternative scenarios they face - our new tool will be applied with their existing data to highlight priorities for action. Priorities will be based on connectivity benefits for biodiversity, weighted by economic costs and stakeholder preferences.  The most tangible and long-lasting output of this project will be the freely available web interface to our tool, backed by a high-performance computing cluster in Liverpool that will perform the analyses. This interface makes the tool globally accessible, and is vital for future users in developing countries, because computing power limitations would preclude them running a desktop version. The project will also provide face-to-face training to relevant stakeholders in our partner countries, and online tutorial materials tailored to the needs of developing countries. Hence we will build capacity for our tool to be used as part of multidisciplinary projects addressing development challenges in future, to find efficient solutions where vital networks of natural habitat coexist with the needs of local stakeholders.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
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      "title_narrative":["Financial planning for natural disasters: the case of flooding risk in Central Java"],
      "description_narrative":["Loughborough will co-develop with our local partners and the flooding consultancy JBA associates a 'decision support framework' (or DSF) with demonstration software implemented in R and a series of analyses ('case studies') illustrating the use of loss and financial modelling to plan ahead for the financial consequences of extreme flood events. This DSF will be developed for analysing the potential use of financial instruments in two cities, Solo and Semarang, in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The main research task is developing a structured framework for model based analysis of financial loss from pluvial and fluvial flooding events. This will combine standard spatial data rainfall and flooding with local information e.g. on the exposure of infrastructure such as roads and bridge or location of vulnerable populations.  The project will provide a software solution, incorporating exposure and financial modelling, with a graphical user interface for application by local disaster management agencies and other local stakeholders. A series of application case studies will provide illustrative applications at different levels of sophistication.  At the end of the project the DSF will be handed over to our two local university partners for them to maintain and support post-project. We will also examine what lessons can be drawn from our research for improving financial planning for natural disasters (flooding and other hazards) and putting in place appropriate pre-arranged financing in Central Java, in other Indonesian provinces and in other countries.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Managing tropical agricultural ecosystems for resistance and recovery of ecosystem processes"],
      "description_narrative":["Oil palm plantations have expanded rapidly over the last few decades and represent a significant threat to global biodiversity. This is largely because oil palm is a tropical crop and its increased production has often come at the expense of biodiverse tropical rainforest. However, oil palm is a extremely productive crop, producing a much higher volume of vegetable oil yield per hectare than other oil crops and contributing significantly to the economies of the countries that produce it. Maximising sustainable production is therefore a conservation as well as an economic priority, as increased production in existing agricultural areas may reduce expansion elsewhere and spare remaining forest habitats. A major concern within the oil palm sector is the effect of extreme weather events, such as current El Niño event, on oil palm productivity. This is particularly marked in Southeast Asia, where the majority of palm oil is produced, and which suffers reduced rainfall during El Niño years, reducing palm oil production. The role of biodiversity within oil palm ecosystems has received little research attention, although it is clear that some species that live within plantations may increase production, for example by contributing to important ecosystem processes, such as pollination, decomposition and control of pests. Although oil palm houses far fewer species than the tropical rainforest it replaces, it is still complex compared to most agricultural systems, with a diverse understory of herbaceous plants and numerous epiphytes growing on the oil palm trunks. It is also a very long-lived crop, with replanting taking place approximately every 25 years. There is, therefore, considerable scope for management practices to increase biodiversity levels within oil palm plantations, with potential benefits for important ecosystem processes and crop yield. Such an increase in biodiversity may have a particular benefit in El Niño years, as this may make ecosystem processes more resistant to climatic variation and enable faster recovery following the drought. This project investigates the impact of the current El Niño event on biodiversity, ecosystem processes and yield within oil palm plantations in Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. We also experimentally investigate the potential role of different understory management and replanting strategies in reducing the severity of changes in biodiversity and ecosystem processes, and speeding recovery times following the El Niño event. Findings from this work will be of direct relevance to both agricultural practitioners and to the conservation community and will lead to specific management recommendations for improving the sustainable production of this globally-important crop.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "budget_type":["1","1"],
      "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","2017-04-01T00:00:00Z"],
      "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z"],
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      "default_currency":"GBP",
      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-NF-RAEIDLIF-735",
      "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13",
      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Leaders in Innovation Fellowships Programme v1 2014-15"],
      "description_narrative":["The Leaders in Innovation Fellowships programme builds technology entrepreneurship capacity of select partner country researchers who are developing a business proposition for their innovation which must meet a development challenge. Selected researchers benefit from focussed short term training and long term support through access to expert mentors and international networks.","The primary objective of the Leaders in Innovation Fellowships (LIF) programme is to build the capacity of researchers for entrepreneurship and commercialisation of their research. The programme is aimed primarily at researchers within the partner country who are in the process of developing a business proposition for their innovation. All business ideas are assessed based upon their potential for social and economic development impact. A select cohort of researchers from that country will benefit from focussed support including a focussed period of training in the UK in aspects of commercialisation and technology entrepreneurship and access to expert mentors from the UK. In the short term they will develop a commercialisation plan for their innovation. In the long term they will benefit from on-going support at their home institution, and access to an international network of peer innovators and mentors, in taking their commercialisation plan forward. The programme has the following primary aims: (i) To build the capacity for innovation and technology entrepreneurship in the partner country, to support its long-term social welfare and economic development;\n(ii) To establish international networks of innovators and technology entrepreneurs centred around The Academy’s Enterprise Hub."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-CHC-293074","GB-CHC-293074","GB-CHC-293074"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"],
      "participating_org_type":["10","80","80","80"],
      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","ROYAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING","ROYAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING","ROYAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING"],
      "activity_status_code":"5",
      "activity_date_iso_date":["2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","2015-03-31T00:00:00Z"],
      "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"],
      "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"],
      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "budget_type":["1"],
      "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2014-04-01T00:00:00Z"],
      "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2015-03-31T00:00:00Z"],
      "budget_value":[10000.0],
      "budget_value_currency":["GBP"],
      "capital_spend_percentage":0.0,
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      "transaction_date_iso_date":["2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","2015-01-01T00:00:00Z"],
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      "transaction_value_currency":["GBP"],
      "transaction_value_date":["2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","2015-01-01T00:00:00Z"],
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      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--Newton-MR_S019790_1",
      "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13",
      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Cathelicidins As Novel Therapeutic Antivirals For Dengue Infection"],
      "description_narrative":["A significant challenge faced by modern society is the lack of therapeutics for a large number of infections, particularly those that are endemic or widely spread in developing countries. Dengue is one such infection which is endemic in Indonesia - it is transmitted by mosquitoes and infects approximately 100 million people per year, potentially causing death in the most severe cases.  There is no treatment for dengue fever and given the spread of the disease around the globe, new treatment approaches are urgently required. We propose that small molecules present in the immune systems of humans and animals could be modified and exploited to fight this infection.    Our immune system contains substances that are some of the most complex and effective molecules to defeat infections.  One of the ways in which the immune system can destroy invading pathogens is by the production of small peptides called cathelicidins.  These peptides are present in many cells, fluids and tissues. We, and others, have shown cathelicidins to have powerful antiviral potential. They can play a key role in eliminating pathogens and controlling inflammation. We have shown that, in their natural state, cathelicidins can kill viruses such as influenza virus just as effectively as common antiviral drugs. One study has also shown that cathelicidins can kill Dengue virus, and may play in role in the immune response against this infection. Thus, we believe that developing new antimicrobial medicines based on the structure of cathelicidins offers promise as a novel way to fight pathogens such as dengue.    This study aims to understand how cathelicidins contribute to the immune response against dengue virus, and to find ways of harnessing this powerful activity to develop a treatment for dengue infection. In addition, given that cathelicidins are naturally occurring antiviral molecules in the body, stimulating their production through substances such as Vitamin D, which is incredibly effective at increasing cathelicidin release, may also be an effective way of defeating the infection. We will use both cells grown in the lab, and mouse models, to examine how cathelicidins, and stimulators of cathelicidin production, like Vitamin D, can be used to treat dengue infection. We will also study whether dengue stimulates or prevents cathelicidin release, and will also use samples from human patients who have contracted mild or severe dengue, and measure cathelicidin concentrations in their blood.  We believe we can then examine the association between cathelicidin status, and severity of disease.   Furthermore, we will use cell models to understand how cathelicidins could be used to treat dengue infection, not just through their antiviral activity towards the virus, but by suppressing virus replication in the cells it infects.  We know that dengue can hijack normal cell processes to replicate.  One process, called autophagy, is required by healthy cells to recycle old or damaged cell proteins, so that the cell can break them down in order to survive.  When dengue virus infects a cell, it hijacks the autophagy system, and uses it to replicate and release more virus, spreading to other cells.  We will examine whether cathelicidins can prevent the virus from hijacking the autophagy machinery.  We know that cathelicidins can induce a controlled form of cell death called apoptosis, and that in instances of infection, this can be beneficial in stopping infected cells from being used to generate more infectious virus particles.  Thus we believe that by using cathelicidins to shift the balance from autophagy to apoptosis in dengue infection, this will be an effective and targeted way of treating this virus.  This project represents an unprecedented opportunity to gain a better understanding of how key molecules in the immune system can be harnessed to treat viruses, like dengue, that currently do not have an effective treatment.","The Newton Fund builds research and innovation partnerships with developing countries across the world to promote the economic development and social welfare of the partner countries."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","EDINBURGH NAPIER UNIVERSITY"],
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      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative_text":["Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
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      "default_currency":"GBP",
      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--Newton-MR_S019898_1",
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      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Point of care tests in the diagnosis of chronic and allergic aspergillosis"],
      "description_narrative":["Chronic and allergic forms of aspergillosis are an increasingly recognised global health problem. They are caused by the fungus Aspergillus, a very common environmental mould. We breathe in fungus particles daily, but we are usually able to clear them from the lungs. In some cases though, the fungus can establish itself in the lung and cause disease. This usually happens in people with weak immune systems, such as after chemotherapy for cancer, but can also happen on a background of chronic lung disease, like previous tuberculosis (TB) or chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD). This disease is termed chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA).  One in 5 people is expected to develop CPA after successful treatment of TB: this means that CPA affects 1.2 million people globally as a consequence of TB. The number of new TB cases in Indonesia exceeds 1 million per year, making Indonesia the country with the 2nd largest number of TB cases in the world. As TB and CPA may present with the same symptoms, CPA may be mistaken and treated as TB. If CPA is not diagnosed and treated, it can result in lung destruction, weight loss, cough and blood in the sputum. Treatment exists in the form of antifungal medication. It is difficult to diagnose CPA, as diagnosis relies on specialist laboratory tests not available in most low and middle-income countries. A point-of-care (POC) blood test, performed in clinic without the need to send the sample to a laboratory would make CPA much easier and cheaper to diagnose.   We plan to use a recently developed POC test that detects Aspergillus antibody in blood in patients who present with suspected but not confirmed TB in Indonesia, and to compare with a standard serological test. The results will be made known to the physicians who can then decide on best treatment. So we can assess the importance of the result, we will follow the patients for 12 months for signs of deterioration in their symptoms and chest X-Ray. We will also compare the outcomes in patients who were treated with antifungal medication for CPA. We hope we can prove that the POC test can be used to diagnose CPA in low and middle-income settings.  In high-income settings where TB is less common, such as the UK, CPA mainly affects patients with chronic respiratory disease like COPD or bronchiectasis. The diagnosis is made by bronchoscopy and testing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for Aspergillus; however, the tests are neither sensitive nor specific. Turn around time, even for specialised labs, may be long and cost is high. A POC test for diagnosis of Aspergillus from pulmonary secretions would speed up diagnosis in this setting too. We plan to compare two POC tests with the conventional methods for the diagnosis of CPA in patients having bronchoscopies. As the gold-standard, we will use a new technology to analyse the entire population of fungi in the lung (called the mycobiome).   Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) complicates 1-4% of cases of asthma globally. It results in poor control of asthma, frequent admissions to hospital and use of long-term steroids which have several side effects. Diagnosis requires either an allergy skin test or blood test. Treatment with antifungals improves symptoms and leads to reduced steroid use. There are more than 13 million asthmatics in Indonesia, and more than 300 thousand with ABPA according to estimates; the majority would be unrecognised if testing is not undertaken. Due to lack of diagnostic facilities, this is the case in most low and middle-income countries. A POC blood test detecting sensitisation to Aspergillus would be ideal for quickly screening patients with poorly controlled asthma. We will screen patients with uncontrolled asthma in Indonesia with the POC test and compare with the standard-of-care blood test. This will help provide an estimate of the rate of ABPA in Indonesia for the first time, and validate the use of this POC test for use in the screening of ABPA.","The Newton Fund builds research and innovation partnerships with developing countries across the world to promote the economic development and social welfare of the partner countries."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL"],
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      "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"],
      "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"],
      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "planned_disbursement_period_start_iso_date":["2021-10-01T00:00:00Z"],
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      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--Newton-MR_S019960_1",
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      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Improving diagnosis of brain infections in Indonesia using novel and established molecular diagnostic tools."],
      "description_narrative":["Brain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitis, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Indonesia, as elsewhere, with considerable costs to families, health care and society.  The key step in early patient management is to distinguish bacterial causes, which need immediate antibiotic treatment, from the many clinical mimics, such as viral meningitis, which do not. The gold standard for distinguishing the two is lumbar puncture, followed by microscopy and culture of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, culture results are often delayed, or inconclusive. Many patients are therefore treated with unnecessary antibiotics until a diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is excluded, contributing to the burden of antimicrobial resistance.  In Liverpool, we have developed the TRanscripts to Identify bacterial Meningitis (TRIM) test. It is a host transcript-based diagnostic blood test. We have shown it exhibits high sensitivity (100%), specificity (90%) and negative predictive value (100%) in distinguishing adult bacterial meningitis from mimics (viral meningitis or meningism [where patients have clinical symptoms of meningitis but the number of white blood cells in the CSF is not raised]). A key advantage of the TRIM test is that results can be rapidly available (in under four hours) from sample arrival in the laboratory.  As a rapid, accurate and low cost (target cost under £10 per patient) blood test, the TRIM test offers improved rule-out of bacterial brain infections, enhancing patient management and promoting cessation of unnecessary antimicrobial use. In partnership with Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Indonesia, preliminary work assessing the TRIM assay at UGM indicate it maintains high accuracy (100%) in distinguishing bacterial infection from mimics among child and adult Indonesian patients with symptoms/signs of meningitis or encephalitis.  Our second diagnostic approach is to use pathogen-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antibody tests; through these we have increased pathogen detection among children with suspected meningo-encephalitis at UGM by over 30 percent (from 11% to 42%), through a pilot of systematic testing of CSF.   In this three year study, we will assess the accuracy of the TRIM test in a larger cohort of Indonesian patients with suspected meningo-encephalitis, recruited through hospitals linked to UGM and Universitas of Indonesia. Alongside, we will increase pathogen detection through pathogen-specific PCR and antibody testing at these sites.   To improve our pathogen-specific PCR panel, we will perform next generation sequencing, at the Eijkman Institute, Indonesia, on CSF samples where no pathogen has been detected. Sequence information from identified pathogens will be used to inform PCR test design.  Linking with the University of Warwick, we will evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing these diagnostic tools into routine clinical care for suspected brain infection patients in Indonesian hospitals.  This study will assess and implement novel and established diagnostic tools among Indonesian brain infection patients. In the longer-term, these tools will support more appropriate treatment of brain infections among Indonesian patients, strengthen local research capacity and collaboration between UK and Indonesia.","The Newton Fund builds research and innovation partnerships with developing countries across the world to promote the economic development and social welfare of the partner countries."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000660"],
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