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Heavily reliant on the land-water-food nexus, they offer a well-studied example of resilience in the face of multiple environmental changes over the last 200 years (Davies and Moore 2016). Earlier research by the PI, CoI and team has focused on management of water through a network of built water channels used for agricultural and domestic purposes; the sophisticated management of agricultural soils through complex patterns of tenure and fallowing; management of botanic resources including diverse indigenous and imported crops; and the importance of forests which serve hydraulic functions and as reserves of gathered medicines and foodstuffs. However, recent work indicates growing apprehension of the impact of new ecological changes, including general concerns over climate change, as well as a shift towards water-intensive mono-cropping, the introduction of new crops, and the installation of piped-irrigation which is exacerbating unequal access to water resources. While these latter changes were meant to help mitigate food insecurity, research suggest that they may have had the opposite effect by increasing soil degradation, introducing unfamiliar weeds and crop diseases, and placing pressure on existing water sources. Related to this are concerns about the loss of traditional natural resource management, the loss of culturally valuable biodiversity, and the implications for food security. Compounding these tensions are land-use changes within the Cherangany Forest catchment, especially deforestation resulting from increased agricultural and pastoral activities. This has raised concerns of fertilizer runoff, land degradation, biodiversity loss, and decreased water quality and quantity across the upland-valley ecological continuum. There is pressing interest among local communities and the County government, to understand the implications of these new challenges and develop practical solutions. We focus on disentangling the complex and interdependent land-water-food nexus across the Cherangany Forest reserve and the semi-arid Kerio Valley. Using ethnography, interviews, botanic survey, aerial photography, GIS mapping and building on existing collaborative strengths, we will effect these aims along two axes: 1. Forest Management and 2. Agriculture. We will collate, review and extend existing data to understand the land-water-food nexus in relation to both historic and potential future environmental changes. We will also examine existing literature on regional climatic change and collate local weather station data to produce a practical understanding of how these key axes (forests and agriculture) have and may respond to climatic fluctuation. Production of more highly resolved analyses of potential climate induced impacts seems especially important since current predictions for Eastern Africa are spatially heterogeneous and often of low certainty. To produce localized and grounded knowledge for practical policy making we will partner with Elgeyo-Marakwet County Council, nearby Eldoret University (UOE), the Marakwet Research Station (MRS), British Institute in Eastern Africa (BIEA), National Museums of Kenya (NMK) and Kenya Forestry Service (KFS) to produce research to be directly incorporated into new county-level environmental and conservation planning. We have undertaken preliminary meetings with County officials and established MOU's with UOE and MRS. This work will advance longer-term goals of developing local research capacity, encouraging appropriate resource management, and devising policy frameworks that track and address emerging climate change and other ecological impacts by bringing together experts, civil society, and policy makers. Davies, M.I.J and Moore, H.L. 2016. Landscape, time and cultural resilience. 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born preterm or \"born too soon\" each year. Nearly two-thirds of such births happen in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Premature birth is the cause for a third of all deaths in the first month of life. In Kenya, over 200,000 babies are \"born too soon\" and despite recent reductions, deaths in the first month of life remain high at 20 per 1000; 7 times higher than in the UK. Kenya suffer from a shortage of resources including lack of trained neonatal doctors and nurses. Poor record keeping in hospital causes delays in recognising poorly babies, in providing treatment and leads to poor outcomes. Early warning scores (EWS) are a streamlined way to monitor patients and prompt treatment to prevent deterioration that could lead to death. The \"Newborn Early Warning Track and Trigger\" (NEWTT) used in the UK uses a simple paper-based form, which has a \"traffic-light system\" to easily plot infants' vital signs (temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate). This promptly alerts healthcare professionals to take actions if signs are in the red or amber zones. Closer monitoring of preterm infants with a system that more easily identifies sicker infants could help resource-limited staff to reduce deaths and illness in this very vulnerable group. Previous work: To understand how doctors and nurses care for preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants in Kenya, we recently completed a study at a large hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. We collected data on 294 babies over 8 weeks and recorded vital signs on the NEWTT. We also spoke to 19 mothers and 20 stakeholders to explore their views of newborn care. The data were presented at a large meeting in Nairobi in July 2019 attended by around 80 people involved in care of preterm infants. The idea of implementing a EWS for preterm infants in Kenya was discussed and feedback was positive. They liked the simplicity of documentation using a traffic-light system for quick identification of high risk infants. Some barriers were discussed such as a recognition of need for training and resources such as nursing time and colour printed charts. Current study: This study aims to test how feasible and acceptable it is to implement an EWS in neonatal units in Kenya. We will implement the paper-based EWS in three neonatal units and ask staff to complete this for all preterm or LBW infants over a 4-week period. When a vital sign is entered onto one red or two amber trigger zones, they will alert a more senior member of staff to assess the infant and advise further action. The EWS will temporarily replace the current documents to avoid duplication of work. We will also conduct interviews a range of healthcare professionals involved in caring for preterm infants. In order to include a range of opinions, we will aim to include 2-3 interviews with each type of staff, resulting in around 24-30 interviews. Skills development: We will develop capacity to conduct research and increase the skills of our Kenyan partners. Three researchers, one from each hospital in Kenya, will visit the UK They will attend the well established Nottingham Fundamentals of Clinical Trials course (https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/nctu/short-courses/fundamentals-of-clinical-trials.aspx). Here they will learn basic skills in the design and conduct of clinical trials via a mixture of classroom style teaching and workshops and network with other course attendees. They will also spend time at Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine to gain hands-on experience of clinical trials and discuss future opportunities. Future work: The current study is a step in a longer-term programme of work to establish a practical and useful EWS for reducing death among preterm infants in resource-limited hospitals. If shown to be feasible and acceptable, we will undertake an appropriately designed clinical trial to test if using such an EWS will help save lives of those \"born too soon\".","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","2021-12-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["KE"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["12182"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["2","0","0","0","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2022-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[50343.82,50343.8], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "planned_disbursement_type":["1","2"], "planned_disbursement_period_start_iso_date":["2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","2022-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_period_end_iso_date":["2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","2022-06-30T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_value":[2520.95,-6190.77], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_type":["11","11"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative":["Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative_text":["Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative_lang":[" "," "], "planned_disbursement_value_date":["2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","2022-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-06-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[12585.96,12585.96,100687.62], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-06-01T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_value_usd":[3453.436452364406,-8011.03222688997], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[17440.132325590836,16833.578924749618,126078.38728846153] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_R019657_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["UK-Africa network to improve the nutrition of infants and young children living in poverty (NINO LIP) in urbanising sub-Saharan African countries"], "description_narrative":["Globally, more than a quarter of children under the age of five years are stunted (undernourished). Stunted children experience lifelong problems with their health and are more likely to die early. The time at which an infant transitions from receiving only breastmilk to needing additional foods (complementary feeding) has been shown to be associated with increasing problems with stunting. Currently only 22% of Kenyan and 8% of Malawian children aged 6-23 months receive the minimum acceptable diet, down from 39% (Kenya) and 19% (Malawi) between 2008 and 2014. It is estimated that interventions which promote optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices could prevent 20% of deaths in under-fives in countries with high levels of child deaths. Approximately one-third of urban residents in low and middle income countries live in slums, with an additional 100,000 moving in daily. Children living in slums are more likely to suffer from under-nutrition than other urban children. Nevertheless the literature tells us that there is a lack of evidence regarding nutrition interventions in slum environments, and almost no evidence regarding the potential for 'nutrition-sensitive' interventions that target the drivers of poor nutrition such as poverty, cultural and social practices, and poor physical environments. Successful design of these types of intervention requires a well-integrated interdisciplinary approach. In addition to nutrition expertise, contributions from other disciplines are needed to understand the cultural, social, physical and economic environments that influence IYCF practices. We therefore propose an interdisciplinary network with the aim to produce evidence to drive future research and inform policies to improve the nutritional status of IYC living in poverty in sub-Saharan African countries (SSA) experiencing rapid urbanisation. The network is led by Loughborough University with Kenyan partners at the African Population and Health Research Centre and Malawian partners at the University of Malawi and The Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources as well as UK partners at The Universities of Sheffield and Southampton. The specific network objectives will be to: 1) Prepare a rapid review of evidence documenting interventions for the urban poor to improve the nutrition of IYC in SSA; 2) Convene the first network workshop (to include stakeholders) to firstly guide analysis of existing data sources on this topic, to secondly consider the current evidence base and policies identified in the rapid review and finally to ask key stakeholders to identify highest-ranking evidence/research gaps for improving IYC feeding programmes and policies; 3) Undertake analyses of existing data from demographic and health surveys in sub-Saharan Africa and pre-existing data from slums in Nairobi to explore how the various drivers of IYCF practices are influenced by urbanisation and to consider whether those drivers vary for the urban poor compared to other urban populations; and finally 4) Facilitate end-of-project workshops to develop research proposals informed by evidence from the first three objectives and to present findings of the secondary analysis and discuss these with stakeholders (including Ministries of Health, NGOs, communities) and policy-makers. The network will also foster the development of skills in data analysis and evidence synthesis in early career researchers in the UK, Malawi and Kenya, thus helping to ensure a sustainable group with potential for evolving future leadership. In the longer term we will develop a UK-Africa interdisciplinary network with expertise to support interventions to promote optimal IYCF practices in rapidly urbanising environments. It is envisaged that such interventions will improve the human capital of developing countries by reducing under nutrition, thus promoting optimal cognitive and physical development, and thereby increasing prospects for economic prosperity.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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