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      "title_narrative":["A mathematical modeling framework for tuberculosis burden estimation and economic evaluation of pharmaceutical interventions"],
      "description_narrative":["Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death globally. In 2015, WHO estimated there were 9.6 million TB cases and 1.5 TB deaths. Nearly 500,000 of these cases were resistant to two or more of the main drugs used to treat TB. New drugs, and combinations of drugs, are being developed to treat tuberculosis, as are new vaccines that may protect against disease in adults.  Quantifying the burden of TB is fundamental to understanding its global epidemiology and for making appropriate resource allocation decisions. Most estimates of new TB case numbers each year rely strongly on the number of cases reported by countries in that year to WHO. Unfortunately, one in three TB cases are thought to go either undetected or unreported, so the number of cases reported underestimates the number of new cases. While one can correct for this, it is hard to know exactly how much to adjust the reported numbers. Some countries have good systems for recording causes of deaths, which can be used to estimate the number of deaths caused by TB. Increasingly, large and expensive prevalence surveys are being used to estimate the number of people with active disease in a population. These estimates are less subject to bias, but measure a different quantity. Little work has explored the best way of combining these three data sources.  A major goal of this work is to use mathematical transmission models for burden estimation and provide a unified framework for all data. These models yield the number of new cases, deaths, and also the prevalence of disease. They explicitly represent disease transmission and so introduce a dependence between the number of new cases in different years. These models involve parameters evidenced from previous epidemiological work, but must be calibrated to learn from data on TB reports, deaths and prevalence. Calibration means adjusting imperfectly known model parameters in order to match observed model outputs to the data. This process provides a model that may be used to make predictions about burden, but may also teach us something about the underlying processes. Many of the parameters concerning the epidemiology and disease course of TB are quite uncertain, and this uncertainty is rarely represented fully in models needing calibration, but will be done in this project using statistical techniques that also allow comparison of different models' performance.   TB burden estimation and calibration of transmission models are almost always carried out on a country-by-country basis. Many parameters describing disease progression are likely to be similar in different countries, even if their exact values differ for unknown reasons. Hierarchical modelling techniques allow such parameters to be correlated between countries. This can improve precision, particularly for countries with little data, as estimates can be informed by data from neighbouring countries. I will explore these techniques for the transmission model, and also in statistical modelling aiming to account for the observed patterns of drug-resistance. The transmission model will ultimately be extended to include different types of drug resistance.  As new treatments and vaccines emerge, those with responsibility for public health will want to understand the potential impact these new technologies can have in terms of gains in health, and changes in spending. Producing cost-effectiveness and budget impact evidence requires a model that includes transmission, in order to account for indirect benefits accrued by avoiding secondary cases. We will use our model to provide guidance to decision-makers seeking to maximise health gain with limited resources. We will also analyse sources of uncertainty in the model to identify future research that would have most value in increasing the precision of burden estimates and in reducing decision uncertainty around the introduction of new interventions.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Robotics & Remote Sensing for HMA & ERW Survey: Southeast Asia Feasibility Study with LMIC Collaborator Engagement"],
      "description_narrative":["To build international collaborations in LMIC countries contaminated by landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) to determine how; robotics, space, aerial and ground-based sensing can help improve the land-release process, increase productivity and provide better safety for the survey and eventual clean-up of environments contaminated by explosive hazards. To also help educate representatives from LMIC countries regarding benefits provided by autonomous & semi-autonomous robotics, both airborne and ground-based. Building collaborations, staging a workshop and completing a feasibility study is expected to lead to large scale, follow on project developing systems and field testing techniques aimed at helping deal with deadly contamination that has plagued Southeast Asia for decades.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Containing antimicrobial resistance in rural Cambodia: a one-health multi-disciplinary intervention to improve village healthcare and farming practice"],
      "description_narrative":["Antibiotic resistance has been termed the greatest menace of the current century by the World Health Organization. If appropriate measures to mitigate antibiotic resistance are not taken immediately, it is estimated that millions of people will die, in the near future due to complications arising out of inability to treat resistant infections and most of this burden will fall on the poor, underdeveloped part of the world.   The main drivers of antibiotic resistance are antibiotic use and antibiotic residues in the environment. Both generate resistant bacteria. Appropriate monitoring and mitigation of both is neglected in poorer countries due to inadequacy of awareness, infrastructure, economics, political will, socio-cultural dimensions and a myriad of other factors. Resistance knows no geographical or political boundaries; it spreads quickly all over the world. So, not only the poorer human beings from underdeveloped countries suffer, these countries also become 'hot spots' of resistance generation and spread.   Cambodia is the poorest country in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region and continues to recover from a prolonged civil war which saw its institutions and infrastructure destroyed, which resulted in the loss of most of its educated personnel. With support of international partners, Cambodia is rapidly developing;  Cambodia was one of the countries, which achieved the millennium development goals in reducing infant and child mortality. The proposed provinces for the antibiotic resistance study and intervention are among the most remote and underserved both within the formal health and agricultural systems and rely for care on personnel who have minimal training for both care of patients and animals. When a person or animal becomes ill, medicines including antibiotics, often of dubious quality are bought from local pharmacies or market stalls and administered by the persons themselves. Human antibiotics are often given to animals and vice versa. Due to the deficit of trained health personnel, Cambodia has developed a cadre of village level healthcare workers, who have minimal training and little supervision to treat villagers or their sick animals. Little care is taken in disposing of antibiotics, which must be resulting in huge amount of residues in Cambodian environment.   The proposed project will investigate and map the current status of antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residues in the target area and would examine the drivers for these in these remote areas, involving various stakeholders including human and animal healthcare providers and policy makers. We would involve the newly instituted laboratory and personnel in the Royal University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine as well as our partners, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture. We would also seek to evaluate the efficacy of a community dialogue intervention in improving the knowledge and understanding of use, handling and disposal of antibiotics to achieve appropriate antibiotic resistance management.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Roll out the radical cure with primaquine for vivax elimination: development grant"],
      "description_narrative":["What does it take to roll-out radical cure with primaquine regimens of vivax malaria in Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Bangladesh? Without radical cure more than half of all patients with vivax malaria suffer one or often many repeated relapses. Not only does relapse cause suffering, loss of income and misery, people with relapsing malaria are also infectious and contribute to the continued transmission of vivax malaria. Vivax malaria relapse can be prevented by the administration of drug regimens which include primaquine. These drug regimens are underused because they can potentially trigger hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells) in people with an inborn error in an enzyme (G6PD), which can be severe enough to require blood transfusions. Two important developments make it now easier to administer radical cure for vivax malaria. First, several companies have developed point-of-care sophisticated devices (biosensors) to measure G6PD enzyme activity. Using biosensors health care providers can detect patients with an enzyme deficiency and exclude them from treatment with primaquine. Second, a recent study has shown that a 7-day primaquine regimen is as safe and as good at clearing vivax malaria as the traditional 14-day drug regimen. We think that patients are more likely to complete a 7-day course than a 14-day course.   These two developments, biosensors and 7-day primaquine regimens, should lead to the widespread uptake of radical cure with primaquine. However, many health care providers and the policymakers (who make the guidelines health care providers follow) are not aware of these recent developments. Furthermore, the currently available evidence may not convince them. One way to convince them may be to start discussions on the preparation and eventual results from large demonstration trials. We are planning a large trial in which all vivax patients in selected villages receive a primaquine regimen. We will compare the incidence of vivax malaria in villages where primaquine radical cure is routinely used with the incidence of vivax malaria in villages where primaquine is not used, according to current national guidelines.  We expect that people with G6PD deficiency can be reliably detected at the point of care and excluded, that the primaquine regimens are well tolerated in G6PD-normal patients and that continuous treatment of vivax cases with radical cure will reduce and eventually stop the transmission of vivax malaria.   The demonstration trial is a major undertaking and critically depends on the choice of an appropriate G6PD test, the right primaquine regimen, the agreement of the proposed study community and the policy makers. To make sure the conditions are promising we are proposing here the funding of a development grant. We are planning to use the grant for a multidisciplinary preparatory study. The three main component of the proposed study are:   1) To interview relevant policymakers and stakeholders on what they think of the roll-out of the radical cure and what evidence would convince them to support the roll-out.  2) We will compare the performance of the available G6PD biosensors with the traditional standard tests in the diagnosis of the enzyme deficiency and select the best-performing biosensors that can be reliably and feasibly used by village health workers.  The village health workers already diagnose patients with vivax malaria using rapid diagnostic test. In addition, they will diagnose G6PD deficiency using the biosensors to make sure that biosensors are helpful in field conditions. 3. We will explore which is the acceptability by health workers and patient adherence to the primaquine regimen at the village level. 4) We will find out the most appropriate sites for the trial.  At the end of the study we expect to have accumulated enough knowledge to undertake a large demonstration trial in our target countries.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["A Clear Road Ahead- Developing a Combined Technological and Socio-Economic Approach to Freeing Affected Communities from Anti-Vehicle Landmines"],
      "description_narrative":["Clearing landmines both saves and improves lives in numerous different ways. Demining can help a community access agricultural land, markets and food supply, schools, hospitals and other essential services, through the clearing of transportation links and routes. By clearing anti-personnel (AP) and anti-vehicle mines (AVMs) from roads and fields, people and communities are reconnected, and this can bring huge socio-economic benefits to developing countries where these are most needed. Clearing AVMs from roads can also be a prerequisite for other aid agencies and government services to access remote communities. It restores freedom of movement and fosters freedom from fear. However, efforts to clear roads and fields from the threat of landmines are complicated by two issues: 1) the slow speed of current demining approaches particularly for certain classes of landmine; and 2) the need to prioritise the order in which different areas and land types are cleared for maximum benefit in the shortest possible timeframe.   We propose a project to tackle both of these issues, creating a new technological tool for detecting landmines alongside a methodology for examining cultural, political, and socio-economic factors at the national, district, and even community levels. This approach can guarantee the deployment of the technology for the greatest possible benefit in the shortest possible time.  To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that a combined strategy of this kind has been attempted. The particular target of the project is minimum-metal AVMs laid in roads and fields, which is a class of landmines that is very difficult to detect by other methods, and thus very slow and costly to clear. Beyond this synergistic approach, the project will benefit from the unique advantages of our proposed technology for the clearance of AVMs. This is because our sensor relies on a frequency-sensitive detection of the explosive material, which is contained in large quantities in anti-vehicle mines.  The sensor's underlying technology is based on a quadrupole resonance (QR) approach, which relies on a simple detection mechanism: a pulse or series of radiofrequency (RF) pulses is applied at a particular frequency for the explosives of interest, and the presence (or absence) of a return signal is sought. As with metal detectors, a specially-designed planar RF antenna is placed close to ground level and fed with a sequence of RF pulses at or close to the QR frequency of the explosive to be detected. The same antenna is then used to detect the weak signals emitted by the explosive following the excitation. The important difference from metal detection is that it is the actual explosive contained within the mine that is detected and not any feature of the mine (such as the casing or the trigger), so the false alarm rate is low. This is particularly important for humanitarian demining, which aims to clear most, if not all, of the landmines in the interrogated terrain.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["UKRI COVID-19 Grant Extension Allocation (CoA) - Brunel University London"],
      "description_narrative":["The UKRI COVID-19 Grant Extension Allocation (CoA) provided organisations with resources to sustain UKRI grant-funded research during the period of pandemic disruption and its immediate aftermath. Some of the funding was directly used supporting the following ODA-eligible grants at Brunel University London: InnovateUK 105316 - Tassou; \nBB/R012695/1; \nBB/R012695/1; \nInnovateUK 42088 Singh  (SOFTS); \nInnovateUK  41760   Singh    (C-SPEL); \nInnovateUK 105669 Singh (INset4KTI); \nBB/P024149/1; \n InnovateUK 48979 Singh (SolCos).","Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges."],
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