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      "title_narrative":["Lung health in Africa across the life course"],
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      "description_narrative":["Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death globally. In 2015, WHO estimated there were 9.6 million TB cases and 1.5 TB deaths. Nearly 500,000 of these cases were resistant to two or more of the main drugs used to treat TB. New drugs, and combinations of drugs, are being developed to treat tuberculosis, as are new vaccines that may protect against disease in adults.  Quantifying the burden of TB is fundamental to understanding its global epidemiology and for making appropriate resource allocation decisions. Most estimates of new TB case numbers each year rely strongly on the number of cases reported by countries in that year to WHO. Unfortunately, one in three TB cases are thought to go either undetected or unreported, so the number of cases reported underestimates the number of new cases. While one can correct for this, it is hard to know exactly how much to adjust the reported numbers. Some countries have good systems for recording causes of deaths, which can be used to estimate the number of deaths caused by TB. Increasingly, large and expensive prevalence surveys are being used to estimate the number of people with active disease in a population. These estimates are less subject to bias, but measure a different quantity. Little work has explored the best way of combining these three data sources.  A major goal of this work is to use mathematical transmission models for burden estimation and provide a unified framework for all data. These models yield the number of new cases, deaths, and also the prevalence of disease. They explicitly represent disease transmission and so introduce a dependence between the number of new cases in different years. These models involve parameters evidenced from previous epidemiological work, but must be calibrated to learn from data on TB reports, deaths and prevalence. Calibration means adjusting imperfectly known model parameters in order to match observed model outputs to the data. This process provides a model that may be used to make predictions about burden, but may also teach us something about the underlying processes. Many of the parameters concerning the epidemiology and disease course of TB are quite uncertain, and this uncertainty is rarely represented fully in models needing calibration, but will be done in this project using statistical techniques that also allow comparison of different models' performance.   TB burden estimation and calibration of transmission models are almost always carried out on a country-by-country basis. Many parameters describing disease progression are likely to be similar in different countries, even if their exact values differ for unknown reasons. Hierarchical modelling techniques allow such parameters to be correlated between countries. This can improve precision, particularly for countries with little data, as estimates can be informed by data from neighbouring countries. I will explore these techniques for the transmission model, and also in statistical modelling aiming to account for the observed patterns of drug-resistance. The transmission model will ultimately be extended to include different types of drug resistance.  As new treatments and vaccines emerge, those with responsibility for public health will want to understand the potential impact these new technologies can have in terms of gains in health, and changes in spending. Producing cost-effectiveness and budget impact evidence requires a model that includes transmission, in order to account for indirect benefits accrued by avoiding secondary cases. We will use our model to provide guidance to decision-makers seeking to maximise health gain with limited resources. We will also analyse sources of uncertainty in the model to identify future research that would have most value in increasing the precision of burden estimates and in reducing decision uncertainty around the introduction of new interventions.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-ST_S000046_1",
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      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["RF Power Systems and Optimized RF structures for electron beam acceleration"],
      "description_narrative":["The proposed work is driven by the ultimate goal to design a modular linear accelerator for cancer treatment with minimum subsystems making it robust, reliable and accessible to communities with lower and intermidiate incomes. The road map to achieve this goal was identified during the recent workshop hosted by STFC, CERN and ICEC in partnership with representatives from ODA countries. It is based on the idea to use the best available in accelerator science solutions and adapt them to specific problems linked to the challenging environments, financial situations and knowledge availability in the ODA countries. This project aims to design accelerating structures which can be affordable, robust, efficient and easy to look after, while keeping the design at the cutting edge of the technological solutions available. To achieve the goals the design of the RF accelerating structure will be based on the CLIC system and adapted to the 1.3GHz frequency enabling the use of either a low voltage solid state RF power supply or alternative sources like klystron or magnetron. To make it modular with minimum subsystems required the structure will be vacuum sealed i.e.no vacuum pumps will be needed to maintain the vacuum and LINAC operation. This will reduce the overall capital and maintenance cost. To reduce the manufacturing cost of the cavity a new technology of cavity manufacturing will be tested. The cavity will be machined from two aluminium blocks using CNC lathe. This will also reduce the weight of the cavity allowing the beam energy of 6MeV -8MeV to be achieved while RF cavity length is around 30cm.  The Department of Physics workshop has experience of building a 1.3GHz RF cavity using CNC lathe and will be able to manufacture the cavity in the time scale of the project. It also has experience with vacuum testing of the structures and has the equipment required. The RF bead pull test facilities (JAI Oxford and Daresbury Laboratory) will be used to measure operating and high order modes. The cavity will be sealed and vacuum tested in JAI Oxford and transported to CERN for high power RF tests. The cavity will be kept sealed to observe whether any vacuum degradation will take place with time. To ensure that the system is suitable for ODA countries the partners from Nigeria and Tanzania will be invited to the workshop in Oxford to test the system and advise on ergonomics of the design. We plan to communicate regularly (every two weeks) with all partners via web-meetings during the project to ensure stable and continuous progress as well as securing the impact of the deliverables to the overall aim of the project.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-STFC-12345","GB-GOV-STFC-12345","GB-UKPRN-10007774"],
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      "title_narrative":["MICA: Development of new agents for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis"],
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      "title_narrative":["Latent rheumatic heart disease in West Africa: a pilot multi-country study"],
      "description_narrative":["Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a disease of poverty affecting the poorest countries in the world, with Sub-Saharan Africa bearing a heavy toll. In 2015, over 33 millions clinical cases and >300,000 deaths worldwide were estimated to be due to RHD. RHD is caused by an excessive immune reaction (\"rheumatic fever\" (ARF)) to throat or skin infections by Group A Streptococcus (GAS) which further damages the heart valves. Complications include heart failure and stroke that result in premature death, usually before 25 years old, and  women with RHD are at higher risk of complication during delivery.  RHD patients with early symptoms can be treated with monthly injections of benzathin penicillin G which stops the evolution of the heart lesions. However, in many countries, including The Gambia, RHD is usually diagnosed in patients attending health facilities at a late stage, with heart failure or other complications, when the efficacy of penicilllin treatment to prevent RHD adverse outcomes is limited. Ideally, penicillin treatment should be started as early as possible although its benefits in individuals with latent RHD, i.e. with cardiac lesions diagnosed by echocardiography but without symptoms, is unknown. Latent RHD represents a potential window of opportunity for early treatment with penicillin to prevent its progression towards overt clinical disease. This intervention needs to be evaluated with a large randomized clinical trial that will recruit hundreds of individuals with latent RHD. Therefore, considering the prevalence of latent RHD is probably 0.5-1% in children (up to 3% in young adults), the study team would need to rapidly screen thousands of individuals to attain the required sample size within a reasonable time period. Handheld echocardiography (HHEC) by non expert users has been proved as a reliable tool to detect RHD and is considered the best option for mass screening. This Trial Development Grant (TDG) will determine i) the prevalence of RHD (latent- and symptomatic) among school-aged children and young adults in peri-urban areas of The Gambia, Senegal and Nigeria; ii) whether non-experts users in the three study sites can be adequately trained for RHD screening using HHEC, and iii) the feasibility and acceptability of community-based screening by HHEC in the three study sites. After HHEC training (3 months), 3,000 children and 3,000 adults per country will be screened and all suspected RHD cases will be confirmed by standard EC before referral to the nearest teaching hospital for adequate management. The feasibility and acceptability of HHEC screenings will be evaluated as an ongoing process through early and regular engagement with participants and all stakeholders involved. Therefore, this TGD will provide useful information on RHD prevalence (both latent and symptomaticin different age groups) and the feasibility and acceptability of mass screening with HHEC, allowing to adapt accordingly the future trial design in the three West African countries. Results of such trial are crucially needed to issue new consensus guidelines on the management of latent RHD and further improve the control of RHD.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13",
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      "title_narrative":["RTT Accelerator Technology Options Study"],
      "description_narrative":["Conventional and commercially available Radiation Therapy (RT) treatment systems utilise S-band linac technologies coupled to magnetron or klystron RF power sources, which invariably entails incorporation of the linac structure inside the rotating gantry for circumferential patient treatment. The theme of this activity is to assess a variety of different linac and RF source configuration options, taking advantage of recent technology developments in frequency ranges outside of the conventional provision. Advances in both Standing Wave and Travelling Wave linac operational performance and solid state, magnetron and klystron RF power delivery capabilities, have the potential to be able to define a new RT system configuration which can not only outperform, but also may offer a simpler, more efficient and robust system integration platform which can be more appropriately applied for ODA country exploitation.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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