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However, whilst there are sources\nof free and commercial satellite imagery, there isn’t\nthe capability to process and rapidly deliver the\nnecessary crop observation data to growers and\nadvisory services in Latin America. EO4cultivar\naddresses this gap. Working with commercial and\ngovernment stakeholders in Colombia, Peru and\nParaguay EO4cultivar is developing a subscription\nservice called Agri-track; a suite of crop monitoring\nand forecasting products.\nNear real-time metrics for use in crop production,\nagronomy and business intelligence are\nautomatically generated at field scale. This includes\nmetrics for predicting and monitoring growth stage,\nharvest timing and yield potential for growing\nconditions and identifying crop health problems. This\ninformation might be for individual fields, multiple\nfarms, regional or national areas and reflects the\ndemand for timely decision support tools to improve\ncrop production, strategic analysis, sustainable\nfarming practices and risk management.\nCase studies provide new information describing\nagricultural landscapes. Web-based maps\nenable local stakeholders to view the ecosystems\nservices provided by land (e.g. water regulation).\nOpportunities for nature-based land management\ninterventions to support sustainable agricultural\nproduction and biodiversity conservation are\nidentified.\nThree fully funded PhDs at UK Universities provide\ncapacity building for Latin American students from\npartner countries to develop their remote sensing\nskills and generate new knowledge from earth\nobservation satellites.\nProject objectives:\n• Help key growers in Peru and Colombia to\nimprove yield.\n• Provision of crop information services to make\nthe supply chain more resilient.\n• Improve the way Peru and Colombia undertake\nsustainable farming practices.\n• Capacity building and continued innovation\nfrom EO by supporting 3 PhDs.","To make a positive contribution towards\nsustainable food production systems and the\nimplementation of resilient agricultural practices.\n-To increase productivity and manage risk in\nagricultural supply chains.\n-To support inclusive and sustainable economic\ngrowth in target agricultural sectors.\n-To help maintain ecosystems and ensure\nsmallholder farmers benefit from project activities"], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-EA31"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","10","10","90"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","UK SPACE AGENCY","ENVIRONMENT SYSTEMS"], "other_identifier_ref":["GB-GOV-13-GCRF-UKSA_PE_UKSA-036"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","2017-03-01T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2022-02-28T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "recipient_country_code":["CO","PY","PE"], "recipient_country_percentage":[33.333333333333336,33.333333333333336,33.333333333333336], "sector_code":["43041"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","0","1","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["C01"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1","1","1","1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1","1","1","1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","2020-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[229826.28,335258.63,453241.79,205609.0,61739.72,674028.03], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "planned_disbursement_type":["1","1","1","2","2","2","2"], "planned_disbursement_period_start_iso_date":["2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_period_end_iso_date":["2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","2021-09-30T00:00:00Z","2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","2022-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_value":[428578.0,200000.0,208574.0,52000.0,65000.0,51000.0,61691.0], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_type":["10","10","10","10","10","10","10"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative":["UK - 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Tailings dams are embankments of\ncompacted earth used to store toxic mining waste.\nThe likelihood of failure of tailings dams is higher\nthan that of water storage dams although, in both,\nthe consequences of failures are catastrophic for\ncommunities and ecosystems downstream, which\ncan cause loss of numerous lives, destruction of\ninfrastructure, pollution of the environment, drinking\nwater sources and the food chain.\nThere is a need for a cost effective service to\nmonitor dams and other tailings deposits, especially\nthose in remote locations, to help reduce the risks of\npotentially catastrophic failures. Through developing\na monitoring system the projects aims:\n• to provide an operational system to support\nearly decision making that reduces the\neconomic, social and environmental impacts\ndownstream of potential failures of water\nstorage dams, tailings dams and other tailings\ndeposit areas in specific sites in the regions of\nCajamarca and Pasco;\n• promote greater awareness of risks in remote\nareas, helping prioritise the use of resources\nand promoting coordination between the\ndifferent organisations involved;\n• support the establishment of advanced\nmonitoring techniques based on geospatial\ninformation.\nThe project supports the reduction of damage to\npopulation and ecosystem services downstream\nof dam infrastructure upon which many vulnerable\ncommunities rely for both their source of water and\ntheir livelihoods.","Tailing dams are earth embankments used to store toxic mine waste and effluent which can be more than 100m high. Their rate of failure is high, due to poor design regulations and less rigorous construction methods than for normal water-retaining dams, especially in low-income countries. This project will use Earth Observation and Global Navigation Satellite System technologies to allow for more effective monitoring of the dams and therefore quicker action can be taken to avoid the tailings dams failures. The project will help to reduce damage to ecosystem services downstream of mines upon which many vulnerable communities rely for both their source of water and their livelihoods."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-EA31"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","10","10","90"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","UK SPACE AGENCY","HR WALLINGFORD"], "other_identifier_ref":["GB-GOV-13-GCRF-UKSA_PE_UKSA-22"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "recipient_country_code":["PE"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["32210"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","0","0","0","1","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["C01"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1","1","1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1","1","1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2022-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[39717.47,1368125.6,919320.02,792849.14,177205.18], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "planned_disbursement_type":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "planned_disbursement_period_start_iso_date":["2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","2022-10-01T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_period_end_iso_date":["2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","2022-12-31T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_value":[2064972.0,255488.0,359786.0,177205.18,3142.0,34895.0,31753.0], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-13"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_type":["10","10","10","10","10","10","10"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative":["UK - 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The two challenges are\nclosely linked in a number of ways. Unregulated\nland use is a major cause of both, facilitating\nencroachment on forests by the subsistence farmers\nwho are responsible for 75% of losses, while also\nstemming flows of investment that could improve their\nproductivity and incomes. 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pharmaceutical interventions"], "description_narrative":["Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death globally. In 2015, WHO estimated there were 9.6 million TB cases and 1.5 TB deaths. Nearly 500,000 of these cases were resistant to two or more of the main drugs used to treat TB. New drugs, and combinations of drugs, are being developed to treat tuberculosis, as are new vaccines that may protect against disease in adults. Quantifying the burden of TB is fundamental to understanding its global epidemiology and for making appropriate resource allocation decisions. Most estimates of new TB case numbers each year rely strongly on the number of cases reported by countries in that year to WHO. Unfortunately, one in three TB cases are thought to go either undetected or unreported, so the number of cases reported underestimates the number of new cases. While one can correct for this, it is hard to know exactly how much to adjust the reported numbers. Some countries have good systems for recording causes of deaths, which can be used to estimate the number of deaths caused by TB. Increasingly, large and expensive prevalence surveys are being used to estimate the number of people with active disease in a population. These estimates are less subject to bias, but measure a different quantity. Little work has explored the best way of combining these three data sources. A major goal of this work is to use mathematical transmission models for burden estimation and provide a unified framework for all data. These models yield the number of new cases, deaths, and also the prevalence of disease. They explicitly represent disease transmission and so introduce a dependence between the number of new cases in different years. These models involve parameters evidenced from previous epidemiological work, but must be calibrated to learn from data on TB reports, deaths and prevalence. Calibration means adjusting imperfectly known model parameters in order to match observed model outputs to the data. This process provides a model that may be used to make predictions about burden, but may also teach us something about the underlying processes. Many of the parameters concerning the epidemiology and disease course of TB are quite uncertain, and this uncertainty is rarely represented fully in models needing calibration, but will be done in this project using statistical techniques that also allow comparison of different models' performance. TB burden estimation and calibration of transmission models are almost always carried out on a country-by-country basis. Many parameters describing disease progression are likely to be similar in different countries, even if their exact values differ for unknown reasons. Hierarchical modelling techniques allow such parameters to be correlated between countries. This can improve precision, particularly for countries with little data, as estimates can be informed by data from neighbouring countries. I will explore these techniques for the transmission model, and also in statistical modelling aiming to account for the observed patterns of drug-resistance. The transmission model will ultimately be extended to include different types of drug resistance. As new treatments and vaccines emerge, those with responsibility for public health will want to understand the potential impact these new technologies can have in terms of gains in health, and changes in spending. Producing cost-effectiveness and budget impact evidence requires a model that includes transmission, in order to account for indirect benefits accrued by avoiding secondary cases. We will use our model to provide guidance to decision-makers seeking to maximise health gain with limited resources. We will also analyse sources of uncertainty in the model to identify future research that would have most value in increasing the precision of burden estimates and in reducing decision uncertainty around the introduction of new interventions.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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the toxicity and efficacy of 1200mg and 1800mg rifampicin daily for 4 months in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis"], "description_narrative":["Approximately 20 million people globally are infected with tuberculosis, and about 1.5 million people die of the disease annually, i.e. one death every 20 seconds. Currently, tuberculosis of the lungs is treated with four drugs ethambutol, isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide daily for the first two months, followed by the two drugs isoniazid and rifampicin for the next four months. This drug combination is recommended by the World Health Organisation and is used in most countries of the world. The combination is highly effective if taken properly, but despite this about 15% patients worldwide are not cured. Factors such as patients not completing the course, missing multiple doses, or taking (or being prescribed) the wrong dose contribute to treatment failure. Although the drugs are free to patients, there is a substantial cost, in terms of time and administration, to both the patient and the treatment services. A recent study by Gospodarevskaya et al (Int J Tub Lung Dis. 18: 810-817) has found that patients have to terminate productive/economic activities and are often forced to borrow money and/or sell assets to cover cost of treatment, which can amount to more than three-quarters of patients' income, in the last 2 months of treatment. Reducing the duration of treatment should increase the number of people who successfully complete treatment and reduce the cost to them. A reduction could be achieved in one of two ways: using combinations of the new drugs currently under development, or by using the currently available drugs more effectively. Given the enormous cost and long time required to develop new drugs the second option is attractive. Increasing the dose of one of the currently available drugs may allow the duration of treatment to be shortened in the very near future. Three recently published Phase III trials (RIFAQUIN, ReMOX, OFLOTUB) have failed to demonstarte that treatment shortening can be achieved with the quinolones. hus, the rifamycins offer the best hope if higher doses can be shown to be safe. Rifampicin which is responsible for killing most tuberculosis bacteria, appears to be the best choice since increasing doses of rifampicin increases its ability to kill TB bacilli in vitro and animal studies. A similar result could be obtained in human tuberculosis. However, one concern would be a possible increase in unwanted serious side effects with increasing doses. Liver damage by rifampicin appears to be rare and not connected to dose size. In the RIFATOX Trial, a dose of 1200mg, in 100 patients did not increase its toxicity. The central question this trial aims to answer is therefore: does an increase in the dosage of rifampicin allow us to shorten treatment from 6 to 4 months? We are assessing whether giving double or triple the usual dose of rifampicin (1200mg, or 1800mg rather than 600mg daily) is safe and, when given for 4 months only, will result in relapse rates similar to (or better than) those found in the standard 6 month course of treatment. Patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis of the lung, who agree to participate and have signed a consent form, will receive either the standard 6 month treatment or a 4 month treatment containing the standard drugs but with a double or triple dose of rifampicin. Treatment allocation will be random. The success of treatment in each method will be closely monitored both clinically and by regular microscopic examination of sputum, and the safety of the increased dose of rifampicin will be monitored clinically and with blood tests. If the trial is successful, it will lead to a shorter treatment course for pulmonary tuberculosis. The expected consequences would be: more patients completing the course and higher rates of cure, reduction in rates of transmission of tuberculosis with fewer people becoming infected, a reduced cost of treatment for both patients and treatment facilities and, perhaps, a reduction in the emergence of bacterial drug resistance.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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For example, how much people benefit from increasing their physical activity depends how active they are to start with. It also depends on how polluted the air is, because pedestrians and cyclists breath in faster. Road injuries numbers may go up or down as pedestrians and cyclists are at higher risk than drivers, but fewer cars may make the roads safer. One way to support decision makers is to provide tools that help them to compare the health impacts of their choices. The challenge is to be both practically useful and scientifically accurate. In this project we lay the basis for creating a model that can be readily applied to cities around the world. A key challenge is data comparability and quality. Our international team of health and transport researchers in the UK, India, Brazil, USA, and Peru will assess what data are available and work to develop rules for drawing the best conclusions from it. We will build a model for two Indian cities (Bengaluru and Visakhapatnam) and do further work with the models we have recently created for Sao Paulo and Delhi. Running the model will not just produce new results but we also use statistical techniques to work out where getting better data is most valuable e.g. do our results change more if we have better information on injuries or on walking. To estimate health impacts we need scenarios about how travel might change. We will do this in two ways. Firstly asking what would happen if people were as likely to walk, cycle (including electric-assist bikes) a trip of a given distance as people are in more active cities. Secondly, we will look at how more compact cities might affect how people travel. We will look at the data available in a further four Latin America and sub-Saharan African cities in depth to model them in the future. We will also look across a wide range of settings to see what data is available on how people travel and useful it is for modelling. We will use a computer programme to get information from Google Street View for different cities and use it to estimate the mix of traffic across the city. We will see if we can use this data to predict how much time people spend travelling by each mode, and using other data about the city how active people are in total. The project team has worked previously on using a range of data to estimate the number of road traffic victims by mode in different countries. We will now apply this approach to the urban level and work with estimating the kind of data we need for the health impact model. For calculating air pollution risk we will develop a simple method for estimating the contribution of transport to AP using global databases and we will compare this against more detailed analysis in cities for which we have better data. In summary this project lays the foundation for a scientifically robust webtool that can help policy makers tackle a major determinant of population health.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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