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      "title_narrative":["WISER-Water Infrastructure for Schistosomiasis-Endemic Regions"],
      "description_narrative":["Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or 'snail fever', is a parasitic disease carried by fresh water snails that are infected by one of five varieties of the pararasite Schistosoma. Schistosomiasis is transmitted by human contact with contaminated fresh water that are inhabited by snails carrying the parasite. Larvae, known as cercariae, emerge from the infected snails and swim in the water until they come into contact with an individual and penetrate the skin. The transmission to humans can occur through a range of normal water contact activities such as collection of drinking water, bathing, washing clothes, swimming or fishing. Once inside the body the larvae develop into worms which live in the blood vessels for years. Female worms shed eggs which end up in urine and faeces; if infected individuals urinate or defecate into freshwater bodies, the eggs migrate to snails where they hatch and begin the cycle again. The symptoms of schistosomiasis can include frequent painful and bloody urine, abdominal pain and bloody diarrhoea, inflammation and scarring of the bladder, enlargement of the liver or spleen, and where infection persists, bladder cancer may develop. In children it leads to anemia, malnutrition and learning difficulties, thus dramatically impairing their future quality of life and productivity.  It is estimated that 258 million people are infected in 78 countries worldwide, though 90% of the infections occur in Africa. Schistosomiasis kills an estimated 280,000 people annually and ranks second only to malaria as the most common parasitic disease.  Praziquantel is the primary form of treatment, with a single dose of the drug having been shown to reduce the burden of infection and severity of symptoms. However, re-infection will quickly occur when people are re-exposed to contaminated water. Education campaigns about the risks of exposure to contaminated water and improved water supply and sanitation should in theory break the life cycle of the disease. Universal sanitation coverage should prevent the passage of urine and faeces into contaminated water bodies, however there is always a danger of transmission by infected people visiting from elsewhere and urinating or defecating into the water body, or occasional lapses in the usage of sanitation facilities. Mollusciciding has also been suggested as a solution, however there are concerns regarding potential unintended consequences of dosing molluscicides into water bodies and the long-term effectiveness and sustainability of this strategy is questionable, since the snails could return at some point in the future. In some cases there may be alternative water sources (e.g. boreholes) which can be accessed, however often there are no alternative safe water sources available to meet the full water needs of communities in endemic regions. In such cases, therefore, the immediate focus for cutting schistosomiasis transmission must be treating the contaminated freshwater body to provide a safe alternative supply.  Unfortunately however, there is very limited and incomplete information available regarding the effectiveness of water treatment processes at removing or inactivating cercariae of different Schistosoma. Also, there are no rapid means for detecting cercariae in water samples and determining their viability, which makes assessing the risk and degree of contamination of a water body and testing the effectiveness of water treatment processes as barriers against cercariae very difficult.  This three-year research programme aims to address these gaps in critical knowledge through a collaboration between water engineers, synthetic biologists, parasitologists, and social scientists in the UK, Ethiopia and Tanzania, in the hope of developing invaluable new knowledge to guide the design of sustainable water infrastructure for schistosomiasis-endemic regions.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["IMAGINE: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR RAPIDLY SURVEYING, MAPPING AND COMMUNICATING WATERBORNE HAZARDS"],
      "description_narrative":["The United Nation's Sustainable Development Goal 6.1 seeks to achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all. While global access to improved drinking water sources has been expanding over the past decades, it is still lacking in many places, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Furthermore, not all improved drinking water sources are safe. Water quality monitoring at the point of use is quintessential for the provision of safe water. This project will develop innovative technologies for rapidly surveying, mapping and communicating waterborne hazards. Newcastle University in the UK will team up with Ardhi University in Tanzania, for the method development with subsequent field testing in Dar es Salaam, with the aim of establishing all methods and skills in the partner country Tanzania by the end of the project. The project will develop portable gene sequencing equipment as a versatile technology to comprehensively assess microbial water quality within a matter of hours. It will embed this molecular microbiological method with other field deployable methods for assessing water quality, including inexpensive screening methods, to derive cost effective and reliable surveying strategies. The water quality assessment methods will be integrated with digital technologies for data storage in a remote database, and immediate data curation, interpretation and visualization, firstly to assist surveyors with their field work, and secondly to make surveying data accessible to the public. A hazard communication tool will be developed with location aware, multi-platform hazard maps, augmented by in-app links to a repository of contextual information, including health impacts, practical advice, observational metadata and WHO information. The development will be \"mobile-first\" such that designs fit a variety of mobiles and tablets. The use of CSS and modern browser technology will ensure that the same applications can be deployed automatically to multiple devices with the content being dynamically selected (or reduced) depending on the device capabilities. The water quality surveying equipment and methods, together with the associated digital technologies, will be field-tested in four surveys of increasing complexity of different water sources in unplanned settlements in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. According to UNICEF, 46% of Tanzanians still lack access to improved drinking water sources. Waterborne diseases are endemic in Tanzania and a major disease burden, as evidenced by the major cholera outbreak in Dar es Salaam and other Tanzanian regions in the summer and autumn of 2015, which affected thousands of people. In this project, local stakeholders like the Dar es Salaam Water & Sewerage Authority, school teachers and community representatives will be engaged in the technology development and testing, helping in particular with the identification of context-appropriate, useful hazard communication methods. Multiple visual waterborne hazard display options will for example be scrutinized by these stakeholders to explore their social acceptability as well as easy interpretability and usefulness. Ardhi University researchers will assist with the translation of key contextual information into local languages. The methods and technologies developed in this project will not only facilitate water quality monitoring and communication in low income countries like Tanzania, where waterborne diseases are a significant health burden, but they will also facilitate the emergency response to natural or human-made disasters such as major earthquakes, the displacement of people by conflicts, or terrorist attacks affecting water supplies.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["GCRF Agri-tech Catalyst Seeding Award - NIAB"],
      "description_narrative":["The primary outcome of this award is the adoption of relevant agricultural and food system innovations by farmers and other stakeholders in target countries in Africa. Benefiting residents in rural communities in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Mozambique, Zambia, Ghana, Tanzania.\n\nSecondary outcomes include increased and improved understanding amongst UK businesses of the needs and opportunities in African countries; and increased engagement with African countries by UK businesses, including successful collaborations and lasting partnerships post-project.\n\nThe Seeding Award funded ten activities to support rural farmers by contributing to improved yields, tackling plant disease, improving food safety, and resilience to climate-change: Seeding Funding will also address the current inequality in technology readiness, particularly in African agriculture. We will support the nascent agricultural technology community to develop prototypes of new technologies that could be applied to improved agriculture. The activities were:\n1) Workshop and Hackathon held at Bahir Dar university\n2) Capture development and deployment to detect sequences enhancing geminivirus symptons cassava and its wild relative\n3) Genetic diversity of a core set of Ethiopian Teff varieties as a public resource to drive agronomic gains\n4) Investigating endophytes in Zimbabwean cucurbit crops\n5) Testing and development of low-cost IoT sensors for precision irrigation by smallholder farmers\n6) An attract and kill device for the control of banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus, in banana: a vital staple crop in Uganda.\n7) Sustainable smallholder cocoa production in Ghana: understanding and controlling beetle transmission of Phytophthora pod rot\n8) Understanding the impact of combined stresses on the nutritional quality and productivity of African Eggplant\n9) Improving orphan crops phenotyping method for yield improvement in Ethiopia\n10) Enhanced practical diagnostics for common bean root-rot pathogens in East Africa\nSDGs: 2, 8, 9","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-EP_P029671_1",
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      "title_narrative":["Sustainability and Resilience of Transportation Infrastructure in African Countries"],
      "description_narrative":["To address the global challenge of providing sustainable and resilient infrastructure for African countries, this proposal brings together leading researchers from Durham University with Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (Ghana), University of Pretoria (South Africa) and Nyaoro & Associates (Tanzania). The research outlined in this proposal will investigate (i) the use of sustainable (locally occurring) construction materials in road construction and (ii) the impacts of climate change on transportation infrastructure. A key common element will be the measurement of suction in laboratory and field testing, using high suction tensiometers developed at Durham University.   The use of locally available materials will be investigated for the design and construction of sustainable low volume roads (with traffic volumes of less than 300 vehicles per day). For low-volume sealed roads it is the road environment (controlled by climate, drainage and construction details) that is the most important factor influencing the road performance, rather than traffic loading. The novelty of the research proposed is to gain knowledge of the fundamental behaviour of road construction materials in tropical climate conditions through the principles of unsaturated soil mechanics. There is currently a disjoint between the requirements of specifications for road construction and observed performance. This can be explained by the lack of understanding of unsaturated conditions within the road base, due to a lack of field measurements of suction in these environments. Based on field measurements in different climatic conditions in Ghana and Tanzania, supported by water retention measurements in the laboratory, it will possible to address (i) adapting the specification and road design to suit local materials; or (ii) adapting or modifying the materials (by stabilisation) to suit a realistic specification.  Climate change in Africa has been manifest by extreme weather and changing rainfall patterns.  To consider the impacts of climate change, suction and water content measurements will be obtained for a railway line in South Africa. These will be used to identify potential deterioration of transportation infrastructure due to wetting/drying cycles. This deterioration mechanism is likely to be exacerbated by climate change, when dry/wet cycles are expected to have greater amplitude, due to a reduction in precipitation (even drought) in dry seasons and more intense rainfall in wetter seasons. Another aspect related to the resilience of railway infrastructure in response to climatic and environmental influences is the performance of railway formation under heavy axle, cyclic loading. It is thought that the stiffness of the formation is linked to the unsaturated behaviour of the layerworks and that this relationship is key to understanding the long-term performance of the formation. These measurements will be interpreted in the light of existing historical data at this specific research site in South Africa, that spans a period of 12 years.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-EPSRC-12345","GB-GOV-EPSRC-12345"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","ENGINEERING & PHYSICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","ENGINEERING & PHYSICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL"],
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      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "title_narrative":["Detailed malaria diagnostics with intelligent microscopy"],
      "description_narrative":["The best way to diagnose malaria remains microscopic examination of blood smears, to identify the plasmodium parasites that are responsible.  This takes around 30 minutes of microscopy, done by a trained technician - skilled workers who are in short supply.  This project will create an intelligent microscope that can greatly multiply the skills of a technician by scanning over the smears automatically, and allowing them to review only the suspicious blood cells on a tablet computer after the smear has been scanned.   Malaria is one of the world's most prevalent infectious diseases.  It affects 200 million per year, and causes around 400 thousand deaths - most of them children in ODA countries in sub-Saharan Africa.  Impressive progress is being made in reducing the incidence of malaria, which makes good diagnosis of the condition ever more important; it is increasingly inaccurate to assume that every patient with a fever has malaria, and doing so will waste drugs and leave potentially life threatening fevers untreated.   The key to reliable, useful diagnosis with an automated microscope lies in computer vision; simply acquiring digital images and tiling them together into a digital smear is an important first step, but robust analysis of the digital images means the technician need not sift through many images of healthy cells.  Instead, they can concentrate their efforts on parts of the image where the algorithm identified suspicious features.  Once trained, our algorithm will be able to identify many parasites, only asking for the technician's opinion in challenging, ambiguous cases when it could not identify objects with certainty.  Fully automated counts of healthy and infected cells will then allow consistent quantification of test results, informing the clinician prescribing treatment and aiding in disease monitoring.   Analysis of medical images raises fundamental issues with the standard \"deep learning\" approach of training a multi-layer neural network on hundreds of thousands of images.  Such algorithms cannot accurately quantify their uncertainty (i.e. flag up when a diagnosis may be inaccurate), nor describe the reasoning that led to a given classification for an image.  They require extremely large training datasets, which must often be labelled by hand.  We will build a generative probabilistic model which, while not feasible in most applications due to the huge range of objects that might conceivably be found in a photograph, is possible in the relatively controlled imaging environment of a microscope.  This will allow us to give a probabilistic verdict on each cell, and highlight cells that couldn't be reliably classified as healthy, infected, or something else.  The generative model will also be able to identify features that led to a classification, for example highlighting infected cells in a large image of a smear.  Both of these features will enable greater trust in the algorithm, and allow it to be used to support, rather than replace, existing clinical staff as well as collecting images that will allow us to improve the algorithm's performance.   Computer vision is a powerful technique, but it requires high-resolution digital representations of blood smears in order to work.  Our project therefore has a hardware component, where we will build on our earlier work with the OpenFlexure Microscope to create a slide-scanning instrument, capable of digitising blood smears in the field.  This instrument will use low cost components and desktop digital manufacturing, so that it can be produced locally - freeing clinics from expensive international supply chains, and creating opportunities for local entrepreneurs that build valuable engineering and design skills.  We have already trialled this approach with the first version of the microscope, which will shortly be available for purchase in Tanzania and Kenya, and we hope to achieve an even greater impact with a fully automated instrument.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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