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      "description_narrative":["Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death globally. In 2015, WHO estimated there were 9.6 million TB cases and 1.5 TB deaths. Nearly 500,000 of these cases were resistant to two or more of the main drugs used to treat TB. New drugs, and combinations of drugs, are being developed to treat tuberculosis, as are new vaccines that may protect against disease in adults.  Quantifying the burden of TB is fundamental to understanding its global epidemiology and for making appropriate resource allocation decisions. Most estimates of new TB case numbers each year rely strongly on the number of cases reported by countries in that year to WHO. Unfortunately, one in three TB cases are thought to go either undetected or unreported, so the number of cases reported underestimates the number of new cases. While one can correct for this, it is hard to know exactly how much to adjust the reported numbers. Some countries have good systems for recording causes of deaths, which can be used to estimate the number of deaths caused by TB. Increasingly, large and expensive prevalence surveys are being used to estimate the number of people with active disease in a population. These estimates are less subject to bias, but measure a different quantity. Little work has explored the best way of combining these three data sources.  A major goal of this work is to use mathematical transmission models for burden estimation and provide a unified framework for all data. These models yield the number of new cases, deaths, and also the prevalence of disease. They explicitly represent disease transmission and so introduce a dependence between the number of new cases in different years. These models involve parameters evidenced from previous epidemiological work, but must be calibrated to learn from data on TB reports, deaths and prevalence. Calibration means adjusting imperfectly known model parameters in order to match observed model outputs to the data. This process provides a model that may be used to make predictions about burden, but may also teach us something about the underlying processes. Many of the parameters concerning the epidemiology and disease course of TB are quite uncertain, and this uncertainty is rarely represented fully in models needing calibration, but will be done in this project using statistical techniques that also allow comparison of different models' performance.   TB burden estimation and calibration of transmission models are almost always carried out on a country-by-country basis. Many parameters describing disease progression are likely to be similar in different countries, even if their exact values differ for unknown reasons. Hierarchical modelling techniques allow such parameters to be correlated between countries. This can improve precision, particularly for countries with little data, as estimates can be informed by data from neighbouring countries. I will explore these techniques for the transmission model, and also in statistical modelling aiming to account for the observed patterns of drug-resistance. The transmission model will ultimately be extended to include different types of drug resistance.  As new treatments and vaccines emerge, those with responsibility for public health will want to understand the potential impact these new technologies can have in terms of gains in health, and changes in spending. Producing cost-effectiveness and budget impact evidence requires a model that includes transmission, in order to account for indirect benefits accrued by avoiding secondary cases. We will use our model to provide guidance to decision-makers seeking to maximise health gain with limited resources. We will also analyse sources of uncertainty in the model to identify future research that would have most value in increasing the precision of burden estimates and in reducing decision uncertainty around the introduction of new interventions.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["INTERNATIONAL: iCLEAR - Innovating the Chernobyl Landscape: Environmental Assessment for Rehabilitation and Management"],
      "description_narrative":["The 1986 Chernobyl accident led to the immediate and permanent evacuation of more than 100,000 people from a huge area of land, creating the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (CEZ). After >30 years as a permanently evacuated area, other options for the CEZ are now being actively considered in Ukraine. The President of Ukraine has recently requested the end-users of this project, the Chernobyl ECOCENTRE and the State Agency of Ukraine for Exclusion Zone Management (SAUZEM) to develop a new strategy for its future management. The purpose of the iCLEAR project is to support SAUZEM and ECOCENTRE in the development of this long term strategy by building on our NERC science to develop the first Environmental Management Information System (EMIS) for the CEZ, informed by the first stakeholder consultation exercise on scenario planning for CEZ management. The UK and Ukrainian team will work together to develop a stakeholder-informed EMIS which will provide the end users with clear answers to the key scientific questions necessary for evaluation of management options. This will include an evaluation of the spatial distribution of present and future risk of radiation to humans and wildlife and determination of the spatial distribution of resources in the zone.  For Ukraine, the CEZ represents a unique and important potential resource for agriculture, wildlife conservation and (in the 10 km near-zone) radioactive waste disposal. This proposal meets ODA and Global Challenges sustainable development objectives by supporting Ukraine to increase its agriculturally productive land. If just 10-15% of the abandoned lands could be returned to agricultural use, the newly exploited area would represent a land value in excess of $100 Million. But effecting change in the CEZ is highly complex because of its political and emotional significance. So, it is essential that the future zone strategy is based on the best available scientific evidence and is as open as possible, using internationally recommended methods for stakeholder communication and involvement.  The applicants, partner institutes (Ukrainian Institute for Agricultural Radiology, UIAR and Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute, UHMI) and end-users have extensive data and resources to provide answers to the key questions identified for decision-making. These include key monitoring data and GIS contamination maps. The project will also build on new research provided by the NERC \"TREE\" project which has successfully used the CEZ as a natural laboratory to study transfers and effects of radioactivity. iCLEAR will also use research on the impacts of forest fire in the CEZ developed within the NERC Urgency grant \"REDFIRE\". Coupled with extensive monitoring and mapping data developed by our local project partners and end users, these unique, but unconsolidated, datasets will be incorporated in a new GIS based EMIS.  This EMIS will translate our NERC science into an essential scientific underpinning for CEZ management decision making. Long term sustainability of the EMIS and Stakeholder Group is a key project objective. This will be ensured through the embedding of the EMIS in the end user agencies during their active participation in its development. The project will include consolidation of the tool within the end-users agencies, ensuring it meets their needs and can deliver the necessary outcomes. The system will be used to explain distribution of current and future radiation risk in interactions with local communities, industry (forestry and agricultural state enterprises) and other stakeholders in their ongoing development and implementation of the new CEZ strategy. The results of iCLEAR will have direct relevance to management of other abandoned territories, particularly in neighbouring Belarus and in the Fukushima Prefecture of Japan. Existing links of the project team with administrations of these areas will facilitate knowledge exchange.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL","NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF PORTSMOUTH"],
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      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "default_aid_type_code":["D02"],
      "default_tied_status_code":"5",
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      "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative_text":["Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
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