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Many of these settlements are at constant risk of lethal fires, due to the use of flammable construction materials and contents, open flame lighting, heating and cooking methods, the close proximity of the shacks, and the lack of effective fire services, amongst other factors. Our project focuses on this problem in South Africa (specifically the Cape Town area) where shack fires are an everyday occurrence leading to death and injuries, displacement, and damage to property, possessions, businesses, and communities.","Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000555","GB-COH-RC000555","GB-UKPRN-10007790"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","ECONOMIC & SOCIAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2017-06-01T00:00:00Z","2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","2020-05-31T00:00:00Z","2022-02-28T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["ZA"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["43082"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1","1","1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1","1","1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","2022-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2023-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[32451.86,130070.31,131123.89,65959.4,26379.7], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2019-06-30T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-06-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[26379.7,32979.7,32979.7,32979.7,32714.73,32714.73,32714.73,32714.73,32451.86,32451.86,32451.86,32451.86,385985.16], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2022-09-30T00:00:00Z","2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2019-06-30T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-06-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[29855.83558761033,42726.982455001445,41296.31219068714,40814.017306897964,42954.334401131135,40438.62528462396,41471.8878778631,43085.46469617788,41138.47085742741,42387.448756075384,43132.842149101816,45335.511481690526,494125.4836317544] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-BB_S014683_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Evaluating people-environment trade-offs through low-tech intensification of livestock management in communal grazing systems in South Africa."], "description_narrative":["In South Africa, communal rangelands (e.g. grassland, savanna and shrubland) systems provide a critical source of livelihood for smallholder farmers, primarily through their ability to support smallscale livestock production and through the provision of natural resources such as timber, fuelwood and thatching grass. These rangelands also provide other vital ecosystem services such as water and a habitat for biodiversity and contribute to climate resilience through carbon sequestration. However, their productivity is compromised both by their inherently low forage quality and rangeland degradation due to unregulated grazing, the spread of invasive alien plants (IAPs) and the encroachment of indigenous woody plants. All of these factors limit forage availability for livestock, reducing animal production and survival. This compromises the livelihood security of communal livestock farmers for whom livestock perform multiple roles, including the provision of meat, milk, draught and manure. The IAPs also affect the water supply and run-off to storage reservoirs throughout South Africa and their clearance has become a policy priority for the South African government. This proposal builds on existing research in Eastern Cape Province, working with six local communities in Matatiele to explore alternative rangeland management strategies that yield livelihood benefits for local people as well as improved ecosystem benefits. Specifically, we will test the role of intensive grazing and corralling of community livestock, in conjunction with the removal of IAPs to increase primary production of grassland, soil carbon and fertility and water availability, as well as improve livestock productivity. As part of this we propose the novel use of the removed IAPs as a soil amendment and as a supplemental feed for livestock. In order to link these different production outcomes we will develop an integrated model of livestock and rangeland production. We will use the outcomes of this model to explore the potential trade-offs between local people and their environment and between different groups of stakeholders (e.g. between conservationists and local farmers and between different groups of farmers) in the context of clearly defined 'scenarios' for the use of communal rangelands, which will be co-developed with local stakeholders. Importantly, these scenarios will give voice to the more marginalised members of local communities, such as women, who many not have livestock and have greater dependency on the harvesting of natural resources. The trade-off outcomes will be shared with local stakeholders and used to support decisions about how best to make use of the alternative rangeland management techniques to achieve the different land use scenarios they have identified. 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These wild insect populations in turn can be affected by the ways farms and orchards are managed, and by the presence of natural habitats nearby. Those natural habitats themselves may be affected by agricultural chemicals and other by products of nearby farm practices. The \"ecosystem services\" provided by these insects can affect crop value, rural livelihoods and ultimately export income, and the distribution of these values may be affected by farm ownership and other social structures. This project will explore these issues as they affect orchard crops in the Cape region of South Africa. These crops are both a major source of local farm employment and of export earning, but the quantity and (especially) quality of crops produced depends critically on insect pollinators and natural enemies of fruit pests. We will experiment with the use of floral resource plantings on orchards to encourage pollinators and biocontrol agents, further developing the approach to develop bespoke mixes providing temporal and nutritional complementarity to orchard crops. We will explore how the way orchards are managed and the proximity to natural fynbos habitats interact to affect the pollination success of the crops and attack rates by pests. The natural habitats of the Cape region are a world biodiversity hotspot, but the effect of this diversity on pollination and biological control services is unknown, as is the effect of the orchards on their surrounding habitats. We will measure how differences in farm practices and differences in the availability of wild beneficial insects affect fruit production and suitability for export, domestic or processed food (e.g. juice) markets, and thus how it affects crop value and farm economics. We will also look at how the income generated by fruit production is distributed through the local and national economy, and thus the effects of livelihoods and wellbeing. Distinctions in practices and outcomes between large long-established orchards, and those recently established through the BEE (Black Economic Empowerment) programme will be explored, as well as the distinction between resident and seasonal labour forces.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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Food shortages and poor nutrition affect many households, with 24% of under-fives stunted. Poor nutrition is not just a lack of macronutrients but of micronutrients, minerals and vitamins which have an impact on health. 17% of children and 19% of pregnant women in South Africa are deficient in vitamin A. The smallholder sector comprises approx. 2 million farms most of which are on land with degraded soil and low rainfall; these areas have the highest prevalence of poverty and food and nutrition problems. Productivity is low. Most areas in South Africa are prone to drought and 8 out of 9 provinces have received progressively less rainfall since 1970. Inadequate rainfall causes reduced yields, especially in the smallholder farming sector where farmers cannot afford irrigation. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop strategies to ensure sufficient nutritional food and a source of income for these farmers and their households in a sustainable manner, i.e. produced in a way that is resilient to environmental fluctuation and does not deplete natural resources. Although neglected and underutilised, African leafy vegetables (ALVs) offer unique opportunities to diversify farming systems, contribute to climate change adaptation, ensure food security, alleviate poverty, increase income and improve human health (particularly malnutrition and lack of micronutrients). Most communities affected by poverty and undernutrition live in areas rich in biodiversity, including ALVs. A key attribute of ALVs is their high nutritional content with many studies indicating higher levels of vitamins and minerals compared to cultivated vegetables, such as cabbage and spinach. The consumption of ALVs is in decline in many rural communities which has contributed to poor diets and increased incidence of nutritional deficiencies. Currently, ALVs are harvested from the wild rather than cultivated. This is unsustainable and already a decline in the wild population of ALVs has been reported due to over-harvesting and lack of seed production. ALVs are well-adapted to local growing conditions. ALVs grow on marginal land with little input. They are hardy and able to thrive in both drought and flood times. As a result ALVs are available during harsh environmental conditions when most cultivated crops would have failed, and indeed harvesting and consumption of ALVs from the wild increases in rural regions during times of drought to help meet food shortages. The cultivation of ALVs would play a role in increasing agro-biodiversity which helps suppress pests and disease, as well as protect against the effects of climate variability. ALVs also have the potential to contribute to household income because of their relatively high value. With increased reliability of supply, it would be possible to develop new value chains such as selling through supermarkets. Thus increased cultivation and utilisation of ALVs would improve nutrition, provide resilience of food supply in the face of climate change, improve the environmental sustainability of smallholder agriculture and diversify income opportunities. However, to help increase cultivation and utilisation of ALVs it is necessary to develop lines which maintain their ability to grow with low inputs and under fluctuating climate, and maintain their nutritional benefits but have increased yield. In this proposal we will develop such varieties for the most common ALV in Southern Africa, Amaranthus, using a combination of molecular analysis, metabolic profiling of nutrient content, genomics, participatory breeding with smallholder farmers, and analysis of susceptibility to pests. We will deliver improved lines which can then be promoted by the Agricultural Research Council in South Africa to improve the nutrition, livelihoods and environmental sustainability of smallholder households.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000707","GB-COH-RC000707","GB-COH-RC000679"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF YORK"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","2021-06-30T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["ZA"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["31182"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","1","0","1","0","0","0","1"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1","1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1","1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","2021-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2022-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[208436.19,279603.23,271757.18,64920.61], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "planned_disbursement_type":["1"], "planned_disbursement_period_start_iso_date":["2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_period_end_iso_date":["2022-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_value":[67238.79], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_type":["11"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative_text":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "planned_disbursement_provider_org_narrative_lang":[" "], "planned_disbursement_value_date":["2022-01-01T00:00:00Z"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2019-06-30T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[64920.61,67238.56,67238.56,67238.56,70041.5,70041.5,70041.5,70041.5,69478.73,69478.73,69478.73,69478.73,827035.39], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2020-06-30T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2019-06-30T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-07-01T00:00:00Z"], "planned_disbursement_value_usd":[91091.2549477771], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[85536.82433974062,93171.23078272767,89930.81231360283,87111.18577244676,87704.12254520245,86679.83617804572,91964.2623661215,86578.1858163888,88076.9641215539,91503.83844067412,88076.5758670248,90750.61052008103,1088997.2326935434] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-BB_T009020_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Urban food systems for healthy diets in South Africa: Addressing the double burden of malnutrition through a coherent systems approach"], "description_narrative":["In every country in the world, especially poor countries, people experience ill-health because of what they eat. Not eating enough nutritious foods, and eating too many unhealthy foods means young children do not grow properly, women do not get enough vitamins and minerals, and many more people are affected by overweight and diseases like diabetes. This is often called \"malnutrition\" and is especially serious for young children, including babies, many of whom are not properly breastfed or receive inadequate nutrients when they are under the age of five. One country with a major malnutrition problem is South Africa. Most people in South Africa live in cities, where life is difficult for poor people. These people have long travel times to work and live in tiny houses. This makes it really difficult for them to store and prepare nutritious foods at home. As a result, they often rely on food that they can eat straight away or does not spoil, like fatty fried food and sugary snacks and drinks. Because they have so little money and time, they often feed babies watery, starchy foods without enough nutrients. Where they live and work, this food is readily available and cheap. In fact, the whole system of things that bring food into their neighbourhoods makes it easier and cheaper to create an environment around them that's full of the wrong types of food. This system is known as a \"food system.\" This all means, too, that the many efforts the government has made in South Africa to help people eat better have not really reached their potential, efforts such as the extra money they give to poor families for their children, or programmes designed to help them feed their toddlers better. While South Africa has its own specific context, this is also the case in many other countries around the world. In our project, we want to change this. We want to see a whole system of actions that will actually work for people who live in cities. This means ensuring that existing actions to help them are better aligned with and supported by that food system, as well as designing new actions within the system that recognise the challenges in peoples' lives. We are going to provide evidence to know what this system of actions would look like. We will do this in a way that is not done very much: to actually start by listening to the people in urban settings who experience the problems we are talking about. We will talk to families who have children under the age of 5, as this is the group the evidence says needs most support, along with their mothers and other women who might have babies quite soon. We will walk with them around their neighbourhoods and find out what influences the foods they eat, and what could change that. We will talk to them about the ways the government already tries to help them and whether they know about them, or are able to respond to them. And together with them, we will design a system of actions that would actually work for them and their children. We will also talk to the government about what they can do, especially about changes further back into the entire food system, as well as in urban planning. And we will bring into a broader conversation all the people who have influenced what these people eat. Together we will work to design a system that supports children and their mothers eating foods that support their health and development. We will do this in two communities in the fourth largest province in South Africa: the Western Cape. We have chosen that place because the local government is already committed to improving food systems to address poor nutrition in their communities, and have asked us to help them identify what could effect real change. Although we will conduct this study in South Africa, it will be relevant to the region and the whole world. So we will produce reports and other materials that help other people in other cities create a more effective response to poor diets in their communities.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000707","GB-COH-RC000707"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","CITY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2020-02-17T00:00:00Z","2020-02-14T00:00:00Z","2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","2022-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], 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and Physical activity Assessment (NISPA)"], "description_narrative":["Research training grant – aiming to introduce novel techniques in assessing dietary intake and measuring micronutrient status and physical activity for building capacity across African countries. For this purpose, hands-on e-learning resources will be developed relevant for nutrition researchers, the food industry, government as well as food and health authorities.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000707","GB-COH-RC000707"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","2021-02-28T00:00:00Z","2021-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["ZA"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["11430"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","2"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1"], "budget_type":["1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2020-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2021-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[74688.0], "budget_value_currency":["GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2020-03-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[-41332.19,24896.0,49792.0,99584.0], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2020-03-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[-54858.97429917744,33298.117975153786,64508.22507176937,123240.14771177807] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_N01037X_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Unveiling the protein landscape of the African trypanosome cell surface and chasing down potential targets for therapeutic intervention"], "description_narrative":["Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of diseases that thrive mainly among the poorest of the world's populations. Three of the World Health Organisation's 10 most significant neglected tropical diseases - African trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, and Chagas' disease - are caused by closely-related single-celled parasites. Human infection with African trypanosomes is brought about when an infected tsetse fly takes a blood meal. Without treatment the disease progresses through general ill health to coma and death. Current drugs in use against trypanosomes are old, toxic and failing due to emergence of resistance. Urgent new research is needed to identify potential new therapeutic options. An unusual aspect of African trypanosomes is that they multiply in the human blood in full view of the body's defence systems. They do this by periodically changing their cell surface to escape recognition by the host. However, many molecules on the parasite surface perform essential functions and cannot be changed. Trypanosomes place these in a special, protected domain on the cell surface. Identifying surface-exposed invariant molecules and understanding how this protective segregation is maintained are of major scientific interest, as well as of practical utility in uncovering ways in which trypanosomes may be vulnerable to new therapies. Using a combinatorial approach funded by the MRC, I have previously identified the composition of the African trypanosome cell surface. I now aim to exploit this knowledge to single out those invariant surface molecules that are essential to the survival of the parasite during infection. For this, I propose to harness some of the power of modern DNA sequencing technologies to test which cell surface genes, when silenced, cause the parasite to die inside the host. A similar method will be used to identify not only cell surface genes, but any genes that the parasite uses to maintain the cell surface organisation, which is so critical to escaping the host immune attack. Finally, I propose to test those surface-exposed molecules for their potential as vaccines. My pilot experiments show that I can use genetically-modified parasite to screen for molecules on the parasite surface that are accessible to the immune system. I propose to develop this assay and test the most promising candidates in an animal model of human disease. The proposed work will increase our understanding of the fundamental biology of a significant human parasite, and also, by exposing essential surface molecules, provide the first steps in developing new treatments.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000664"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","2019-07-31T00:00:00Z","2020-01-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], 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Defining the nuclear lamina"], "description_narrative":["Parasitic protozoa are important agents of disease, and afflict a major proportion of the world's population. In evolutionary terms parasites are very different to their hosts, and this is frequently reflected in the presence of a great many unique or unusual mechanisms that underpin their biology. This aspect presents multiple opportunities for the understanding of pathogenesis and also the possibility of identifying therapeutic targets. In trypanosomes, which as a group cause Sleeping sickness, Chagas' disease and Kala Azar (visceral leishmaniasis) and a great many other diseases, immune evasion is vital for survival and transmission. African trypanosomes are highly reliant on antigenic variation for their longterm survival - the process is so successful that trypanosomes can infect their host for many months and in some cases years. The primary mechanism of immune evasion is antigenic variation, the periodic switching of the parasite surface through sequential expression of immunologically distinct forms of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). Understanding VSG expression is central to unravelling the mechanisms of trypanosome virulence and is a longstanding goal in the field. At the rim of the nucleus DNA is compacted into heterochromatin, which is transcriptionally silent and acts as a mechanism for the inactivation of genes placed there. To ensure that only one VSG is expressed at a time trypanosomes use heterochromatin as a store for all potentially expressed VSG genes except one. Recently we have uncovered a system of proteins that are localised to the rim of the trypanosome nucleus, and which regulate heterochromatin, nuclear structure and other functions. Most remarkably these proteins are distinct from those that make up the equivalent system in the host. This application proposes to interrogate in detail the manner in which the proteins comprising this system are organised, how they function and ultimately how they regulate VSG gene expression.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-SC-015096"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-02-29T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["ZA"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["12182"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","2018-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[142180.56,190725.72,192270.63], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-09-30T00:00:00Z","2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2016-12-31T00:00:00Z","2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[59499.61,48164.41,48164.41,48164.41,47777.4,47777.4,47777.4,47777.4,47393.52,47393.52,47393.52,47393.52,584676.55], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2020-09-30T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-09-30T00:00:00Z","2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2016-12-31T00:00:00Z","2016-09-30T00:00:00Z","2016-01-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[77084.95809693323,63432.771313326964,61056.90635760741,62910.61469948424,63502.52504770133,66745.41509378263,64042.008471169385,63678.0526344891,60671.62268883919,58452.37910302298,59223.533327664314,62276.87969798926,842100.7158449809] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_N014693_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Mathematical modelling and spatial data analysis to inform TB care and control strategies in high TB incidence settings"], "description_narrative":["9.0 million people developed tuberculosis (TB) in 2013, with 1.5 million dying. Detecting TB disease at an early stage minimises the harm it causes to a person's health, and reduces the number of other people whom they infect. In richer countries with little TB, anyone who has had extended contact with someone with TB is likely to be tested. Poorer countries with much higher rates of TB mostly rely on people going to health centres themselves when they have symptoms of TB. Screening the general population for TB results in cases being detected earlier, but is too expensive to be widely used in high-TB countries. Developing a better understanding of the spatial distribution of TB will enable screening to be targeted at areas where it will have the greatest effect. I will look at TB in four settings with moderate or high levels of TB: Blantyre city, Malawi; Karonga district, Malawi; Zambia; and Western Cape Province, South Africa. There are three main questions I will explore: 1) I will identify areas within the four settings where rates of TB are highest, and determine what characteristics of areas are associated with high levels of TB. For instance, TB is often concentrated in the poorest, most crowded areas of cities, and/or in areas with high rates of HIV. 2) Most TB screening programs use one of two approaches: offering quick and convenient screening at a set location (which may change on a regular basis), or screening people at their own homes (either because they live with someone who has been diagnosed with TB, or because screening is being offered to all households in an area). In the former case, uptake of screening is likely to be highest amongst people living close to a screening location, and drop off as the distance increases. Very little is known about how quickly screening rates drop off with distance however, or how quickly levels of undiagnosed TB increase again after a screening program has stopped. I will investigate these questions using data from a completed trial of two intervention strategies in Zambia and South Africa. 3) It is possible that data on the household locations of people diagnosed with TB can be used to develop more cost-effective interventions against TB. At the moment, the World Health Organization recommends testing all people who live in the same house as a TB patient. Testing people in their neighbourhood may also be beneficial however, for two reasons. Firstly, M. tb. (the bacteria that causes most TB disease) is infectious and the patient may therefore have transmitted M. tb. to or caught M. tb. from someone who lives nearby. Secondly, certain factors such as HIV or malnutrition increase the odds of someone having TB, and these factors are often locally clustered. I will use data from the settings listed above (which include the dates and household locations of all people diagnosed with TB) to estimate the number of TB cases that could have been detected earlier if neighbourhood screening had been carried out. I will see if cost-effectiveness can be improved by only screening the neighbourhoods of patients with certain characteristics, for instance HIV positive cases. Finally, I will use computer simulations to estimate the number of new TB cases that could be prevented by screening. The planned research will give us a much better understanding of how the distribution of TB varies within high-TB cities and districts. It also will improve our knowledge of how current interventions against TB work at a small scale, and will suggest new interventions that can be used to reduce TB in resource poor settings.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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These fuels are typically burned in open fires, often indoors, that emit smoke into the household environment and lead to high levels of household air pollution. Women and children, especially young children, experience high exposures to air pollution in the home; this has been linked to a range of adverse health outcomes including non communicable lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer in adults and asthma in children. It is now recognised that household air pollution from biomass smoke is the third leading cause of global disability and death with 4 million deaths attributed to this exposure annually. This burden, much of which is represented by non-communicable respiratory disease, falls hardest on poor populations around the world and in countries in sub-Saharan Africa in particular. To build the foundations for work to tackle this issue we have bought together a network of investigators from ten African countries (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, The Gambia and Uganda) underpinned by support from the Pan African Thoracic Society (PATS), American Thoracic Society (ATS) Methods in Epidemiologic, Clinical and Operations Research (MECOR) programme, MRC BREATHE-Africa partnership, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust (MLW), Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) Centre, Spirometry Training Services Africa, Global Asthma Network (GAN), and Collaboration for Applied Health Research and Delivery (CAHRD). This proposal offers an unprecedented opportunity to create a multi-site multi-disciplinary pan-African platform for clinical, epidemiological and applied health research underpinned by regional and international collaborative research and delivery networks that will allow us to conduct research into the causes, prevention and treatment of non-communicable respiratory disease across the life course. By addressing a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the life course of children and adults living in low or middle-income countries in Africa the proposal is fully aligned with the overall principle of Official Development Assistance (ODA) to promote welfare of developing countries. Within the two years of this foundations-building grant we will work hard to create a thriving partnership whilst delivering on two specific research aims: to 1) develop and share methodology for the measurement of non-communicable respiratory disease exposures and outcomes tailored to the challenges of conducting research in resource-constrained African environments and 2) use this methodology to generate and share high quality preliminary data from multiple African sites.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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