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      "description_narrative":["The GNCAs represent an additional allocation from BEIS designed to reinvest in excellent UKRI Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) and Newton Fund programmes and enable them to maximise development impact. This involves instances where funding can be utilized to 9 original grant objectives affected by the ODA review, or opportunities for new follow-on, knowledge exchange or impact activities. In either case, the funding is targeted to support research along the route to achieving economic or social impact in countries on the OECD DAC list.","Research and development activity contributing to the UK’s strategy to address key development challenges."],
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      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-NE_P004784_1",
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      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["The economic impact of El Niño related floods and drought on small and medium enterprises in Botswana, Kenya and Zambia"],
      "description_narrative":["The proposed research will assess the impacts of and responses to extreme drought (Botswana and Zambia) and floods (Kenya) associated with the 2015-16 El Niño (EN) and subsequent rainy season. The aim is to examine the economic consequences for small and medium enterprises (SME) as they are affected by: water supply disruption in Botswana's capital Gaborone due to drought; extreme flooding in Kenya; and disruption in Zambia's electricity supply due to reduced hydropower production caused by low reservoir levels. The project is a partnership between the Grantham Research Institute (London School of Economics), the African Collaborative Centre for Earth System Science (University of Nairobi), the Botswana Institute for Technology Research and Innovation and the University of Barotseland (Zambia). African SME are seen as crucial for growth and prosperity, yet they face numerous challenges, including climate-related disruption to essential activities. However, these impacts are often poorly documented and the evidence base of economic impact is very sparse. This research is timely and urgent; in all three cases there is a need for real-time/rapid assessment as retrospective studies suffer from recall bias.  The study is designed to start in April 2016 and track impacts and response through to February 2017 to make repeat surveys of EN impacts, institutional response and learning.  We identify three main objectives; 1) To document the hydrological impacts and water resource management response during and after the 2015-16 EN. 2) To assess the recent and ongoing socio-economic impacts of EN-induced disruption and mitigation responses in SME. 3) To examine factors affecting risk perceptions and behavioural change during a period of extreme climate disruption.  All three objectives concern important knowledge gaps and are also designed to generate evidence and novel insights that can inform policy and practice to support more effective climate risk management. The project aims to make a difference through academic papers for disciplinary (hydrology, climatology) and interdisciplinary environmental journals. We will also make presentations at relevant national and regional fora and present key insights to disaster management agencies. We will explore opportunities to scale-up outputs through joint collaborations (workshops, events) with other projects supported by this call. Programme and plan of research - The work consists of six main stages over 18 months; 1) Scoping of EN impacts from web reports and local media, complemented with stakeholder consultations to agree study locations and sampling strategy. April-May 2016 2) Design survey and interview questions, identify key respondents and SME. May-June 2016 3) First survey and interviews. July-August 2016 4) Data entry, transcription and analysis. September-December 2016 5) Repeat revised survey and follow-up interviews (Learning assessment). December 2016-February 2017 6) Complete analysis and write-up. March-September 2017 Dissemination activities will be undertaken throughout the full period and include a small mid-project stakeholder event and final dissemination event in each country. The proposed work aims to integrate contextual information, biophysical data, interviews and surveys, collected at key points during the study.  The work will generate rigorous baseline evidence for three countries of EN associated drought and flood impact pathways and damages. Robust evidence of damages is essential for costing disaster risk reduction programmes and adaptation and useful to governments and development actors for targeting actions. Insights of water/disaster management and SME response and follow-up assessment of risk perceptions and learning will allow us to generate recommendations on preparedness and response (what works well; why, where and when) and feed these into research, practice and policy communities.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-NERC-12345","GB-GOV-NERC-12345"],
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      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["International: TAMSAT-AgricuLtural EaRly warning sysTem (TAMSAT-ALERT) platform"],
      "description_narrative":["We propose the development of a new platform, TAMSAT-ALERT*, which will transform proven research in decision support for African agriculture into a platform co-designed with key stakeholders in the agricultural and financial sectors, dedicated to supporting farmers facing time-critical agronomic decisions every season.  TAMSAT-ALERT (AgricuLtural dEcision suppoRT) is a methodological framework for assessing weather-related risk to agriculture.  TAMSAT has piloted the framework and associated data products in several African countries, including Ghana and Zambia, in partnership with national hydrometeorological services, and leaders in the financial and agricultural sectors.    Currently the framework exists as a set of research level code, which can only be run within the TAMSAT group. The proposed project will develop TAMSAT-ALERT into a platform, which can be utilized by the agricultural and financial sectors in Africa and beyond - bridging the gap between research level products and an operational tool. To engage a wide community of stakeholders, the platform will be served through a website, a smartphone app and R/python packages.   Our vision is a set of sustainable technologies that can be exploited independently of the project investigators for societal good.   *Tropical Applications of Meteorology using SATellite data and ground observations - AgricuLtural dEcision suppoRT system","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Implementing  innovative technology to tackle barriers in utilising human waste derived fertilisers in Sub Saharan African agriculture"],
      "description_narrative":["Agriculture is a major sector in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and provides employment to many people. It is not only a source of livelihood but also their way of life. Many of them are subsistence farmers and need to ensure that the crop productivity is as optimum as possible. One factor that influences crop productivity is the use of suitable amount of fertilisers. This is not a guarantee as many other factors influence crop productivity such as irrigation, climate, pest/disease/weeds, soil organic matter and crop varieties. However if all other factors are optimum then fertiliser applications can play a major role in influencing crop productivity. A challenge in SSA is that chemical fertiliser prices are expensive which results in low application to the farm. The available options to supplement the low application of chemical fertilisers are to use organic amendments such as crop residue, livestock manure, biosolids and compost. Biosolids that is used in the developed country comes from a treatment plant and treated to an acceptable standard that is safe. However this is not the case in most parts of the SSA. An available option in SSA is faecal derived material from dry toilets in settlements. This faecal matter when treated to safe standards through processes such as composting can be utilised as a valuable fertilisers needed for crop production. Whilst there is general understandings that faecal matter derived fertilisers (FDF) are beneficial for crop productivity, there are perception issues that curbs its full potential. In addition there could be variation between different batches of FDF depending on the feedstock being utilised. This also reduces the reliance on its use as fertilisers in addition to the earlier perception issues due to unpleasant odour and nature of faecal matter.   This project is timely as it offers technological solutions that tackle the challenges explained above and can potentially increase the use of FDF and instil confidence amongst farmers. The aim of the proposed project is to demonstrate the feasibility of deploying technology based solutions in SSA to test and evaluate FDF to overcome barriers in using it in agriculture. The proposed technology will be supported by translational and knowledge exchange so that its implementation can be effective at ground level and be widely accepted in order to tackle existing barriers in implementing its use in agriculture. The proposed technology is a simple paper based method that can be used to determine nutrient content (particularly nitrate and ammonium) in FDF. This project will also explore the option of a mobile phone App that is being developed as part of another project for the ease of end-users such as farmers. Whilst this method is simple and can be effective, steps will be taken as part of this project to ensure that the precision and accuracy of this tool does not compromise any information gathered on the nutrient status of such fertilisers. This project will also engage closely with end-users such as farmers and agronomists through workshops and seminars so that any doubts can be clarified through effective communication.   This project will also provide a tool which end-users can use to determine landbank that is suitable to receive FDF. In this way the land can be used efficiently and coupled with the mobile phone App which can inform on how suitable the fertiliser that is being applied. This can be a win-win situation which can not only provide a solution for sanitation (through safe disposal and treatment of faecal matter into fertilisers) but also tackle food security through potential improvement in soil fertility and crop production. There will be close engagement with end-users to ensure that willingness to accept the use of such technologies. The outcome of this project will be very valuable in improving the socio-economic status of farmers and rely more on renewable sources of fertilisers to practice sustainable agriculture.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Satellite data for Weather Index Insurance-AgricuLtural EaRly warning system (SatWIN-ALERT)"],
      "description_narrative":["For the more than 200 million farmers in Africa who depend on rain-fed agriculture, drought is a matter of life and death. Their vulnerability is often aggravated by a lack of access to risk management tools such as insurance, which also limits their ability to take productive risks on their farms. Index insurance, where compensation is based on weather or area yield metrics, rather than on measured losses, is an affordable alternative to traditional insurance. However, index insurance will only increase resilience to climate shocks if the index insured fairly reflects the risk for both farmers and insurers.   Index design processes are becoming increasingly sophisticated, utilizing multiple data-sources and models. A certain degree of basis risk (where compensation doesn't match observed losses) is, however, inevitable as insurance is not designed to target every risk. Anticipating basis risk that ensues from the complexity in the relationship between meteorological drought (rainfall deficit) and agricultural drought (soil moisture deficit) is a key challenge for the agricultural insurance sector.   We propose a new system, SatWIN-ALERT, which can be deployed in real time to detect and predict basis risk events as they happen. As such, it could unlock in-season actions (such as increased monitoring), or allow timely post-season index assessment or action, enabling aid agencies and governments to anticipate basis risk events, and take action to support farmers who are facing uncompensated agricultural losses. In effect, the facility to predict pay outs and losses bridges the gap between post hoc index insurance and forecast-based finance. SatWIN-ALERT provides a means of combining the data issued by existing platforms into integrated assessments of droughts and subsequent compensation. As such, it can be integrated into well-established and trusted insurance design systems, such as the ARC risk viewer (ARV) or the IRI Social Network for Index Insurance Design (SNIID).   SatWIN-ALERT builds on existing state-of-the-art practices to take a sophisticated approach to basis risk management, allowing index insurance to play an improved role within climate risk management and development. We also bring together novel existing participatory and meteorological research to build systems that are suitable for operational use in ODA countries. To do this, we draw on fundamental research on monitoring of environmental conditions, and on recent improvements in forecasts - especially on sub-seasonal to seasonal time scales, working with established partners to bring results to hundreds of thousands of farmers. We will focus on countries identified as important to our partners, specifically Malawi for our participatory research, plus Nigeria, Senegal, Malawi, Zambia and Ethiopia (amongst others) for our basis risk case studies.  In summary, the proposed project will develop a novel operational system (SatWIN-ALERT), which empowers farmers to benefit from robust financial instruments, based on state-of-the-art models, observations and forecasts. Partnership with leading practitioners in Africa will enable SatWIN-ALERT to sit within existing insurance systems to revolutionise basis risk management and build the resilience of millions of farmers to weather-related hazard.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["GCRF: CEPHaS - Strengthening Capacity in Environmental Physics, Hydrology and Statistics for Conservation Agriculture Research."],
      "description_narrative":["Two recent El Niño-associated drought seasons in southern Africa have highlighted the vulnerability of agriculture there to climate change.  One reason for this is the dependence of much production on the occurrence of sufficient rainfall at the start of the growing season.  This is because little water is stored in the soil profile.   One strategy for agricultural production, which is attracting a lot of interest in Africa, is \"conservation agriculture\" (CA).  In CA farmers use minimum tillage of the soil and they mulch it with organic materials to reduce water loss.  The use of appropriate crop rotations is also key to CA.  However, CA cannot be offered as a panacea.  Its adoption has different labour demands to those of traditional cultivation, and increased use of herbicides.  There may also be competing uses for the mulching materials (animal feed, fuel).  Furthermore, the success of CA varies between different soils, and so it may not be universally suitable.  The evaluation of CA requires cross-disciplinary input.  Part of this must be an evaluation of the extent to which CA can be expected to be more resilient than traditional cultivation under climate change. African members of our established research network run CA trials, some long-term, and engage with policy makers and extension services.  They and others have shown that there can be yield benefits from CA, but little is known about how CA affects the behaviour of soil water.  In particular, does it improve the soil water supply (and so make production more resilient to delayed rains)?  Furthermore, how does CA and its impact on water in the rooting zone affect the recharge of groundwater?  There may be synergies if CA improves infiltration of water into the soil, reducing runoff and associated flooding and erosion, but there may also be trade-offs if more water is taken up by plants and does not serve to recharge the groundwater.  These gaps in knowlege about CA systems, critical to their full evaluation, arise from gaps in research capacity.  This has been identified through critical reflection on CA research by the partnership proposing this project.  Core members of the partnership in Africa (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi) and the UK are already engaged together in research on the nutrient status of crops under CA.  Collectively we have recognized that the African research centres have uneven experience in the cross-disciplinary science areas that are key to address the questions identified above (soil physics, shallow geophysics, geohydrology and spatial statistics).  Partners also lack the equipment and experience needed to undertake observations with modern methods used in soil physics (e.g. in-situ measurement of soil water dynamics).    In this project we will undertake learning-centred demonstration trials in all three African countries.  At each site existing trials, with CA plots and controls, will be instrumented and sampled so that the fate and behaviour of water under the contrasting systems can be compared.  In addition we will undertake statistically designed soil sampling to assess the variability of soils at experimental sites and to support statistical modelling for extrapolation from experimental farms to wider regions.  The design of these activities will not reflect a conventional research project but rather will be focussed on capacity strengthening.  Planning, execution and publication will be undertaken collaboratively by working groups with staff from all organizations, and the experiences of these groups will be recorded formally to provide a resource for future capacity strengthening at other centres. The activities will be integrated with formal training to develop relevant technical and research skills.  The Capacity Research Unit at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine are partners and will contribute to development and monitoring of the programme as an exercise in research capacity strengthening.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Unveiling the protein landscape of the African trypanosome cell surface and chasing down potential targets for therapeutic intervention"],
      "description_narrative":["Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of diseases that thrive mainly among the poorest of the world's populations. Three of the World Health Organisation's 10 most significant neglected tropical diseases - African trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, and Chagas' disease - are caused by closely-related single-celled parasites. Human infection with African trypanosomes is brought about when an infected tsetse fly takes a blood meal. Without treatment the disease progresses through general ill health to coma and death. Current drugs in use against trypanosomes are old, toxic and failing due to emergence of resistance. Urgent new research is needed to identify potential new therapeutic options.  An unusual aspect of African trypanosomes is that they multiply in the human blood in full view of the body's defence systems. They do this by periodically changing their cell surface to escape recognition by the host. However, many molecules on the parasite surface perform essential functions and cannot be changed. Trypanosomes place these in a special, protected domain on the cell surface. Identifying surface-exposed invariant molecules and understanding how this protective segregation is maintained are of major scientific interest, as well as of practical utility in uncovering ways in which trypanosomes may be vulnerable to new therapies.  Using a combinatorial approach funded by the MRC, I have previously identified the composition of the African trypanosome cell surface. I now aim to exploit this knowledge to single out those invariant surface molecules that are essential to the survival of the parasite during infection. For this, I propose to harness some of the power of modern DNA sequencing technologies to test which cell surface genes, when silenced, cause the parasite to die inside the host. A similar method will be used to identify not only cell surface genes, but any genes that the parasite uses to maintain the cell surface organisation, which is so critical to escaping the host immune attack.   Finally, I propose to test those surface-exposed molecules for their potential as vaccines. My pilot experiments show that I can use genetically-modified parasite to screen for molecules on the parasite surface that are accessible to the immune system. I propose to develop this assay and test the most promising candidates in an animal model of human disease. The proposed work will increase our understanding of the fundamental biology of a significant human parasite, and also, by exposing essential surface molecules, provide the first steps in developing new treatments.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Mathematical modelling and spatial data analysis to inform TB care and control strategies in high TB incidence settings"],
      "description_narrative":["9.0 million people developed tuberculosis (TB) in 2013, with 1.5 million dying. Detecting TB disease at an early stage minimises the harm it causes to a person's health, and reduces the number of other people whom they infect. In richer countries with little TB, anyone who has had extended contact with someone with TB is likely to be tested. Poorer countries with much higher rates of TB mostly rely on people going to health centres themselves when they have symptoms of TB. Screening the general population for TB results in cases being detected earlier, but is too expensive to be widely used in high-TB countries. Developing a better understanding of the spatial distribution of TB will enable screening to be targeted at areas where it will have the greatest effect.  I will look at TB in four settings with moderate or high levels of TB: Blantyre city, Malawi; Karonga district, Malawi; Zambia; and Western Cape Province, South Africa. There are three main questions I will explore:  1) I will identify areas within the four settings where rates of TB are highest, and determine what characteristics of areas are associated with high levels of TB. For instance, TB is often concentrated in the poorest, most crowded areas of cities, and/or in areas with high rates of HIV.  2) Most TB screening programs use one of two approaches: offering quick and convenient screening at a set location (which may change on a regular basis), or screening people at their own homes (either because they live with someone who has been diagnosed with TB, or because screening is being offered to all households in an area). In the former case, uptake of screening is likely to be highest amongst people living close to a screening location, and drop off as the distance increases. Very little is known about how quickly screening rates drop off with distance however, or how quickly levels of undiagnosed TB increase again after a screening program has stopped. I will investigate these questions using data from a completed trial of two intervention strategies in Zambia and South Africa.   3) It is possible that data on the household locations of people diagnosed with TB can be used to develop more cost-effective interventions against TB. At the moment, the World Health Organization recommends testing all people who live in the same house as a TB patient. Testing people in their neighbourhood may also be beneficial however, for two reasons. Firstly, M. tb. (the bacteria that causes most TB disease) is infectious and the patient may therefore have transmitted M. tb. to or caught M. tb. from someone who lives nearby. Secondly, certain factors such as HIV or malnutrition increase the odds of someone having TB, and these factors are often locally clustered. I will use data from the settings listed above (which include the dates and household locations of all people diagnosed with TB) to estimate the number of TB cases that could have been detected earlier if neighbourhood screening had been carried out. I will see if cost-effectiveness can be improved by only screening the neighbourhoods of patients with certain characteristics, for instance HIV positive cases. Finally, I will use computer simulations to estimate the number of new TB cases that could be prevented by screening.  The planned research will give us a much better understanding of how the distribution of TB varies within high-TB cities and districts. It also will improve our knowledge of how current interventions against TB work at a small scale, and will suggest new interventions that can be used to reduce TB in resource poor settings.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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