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One reason for this is the dependence of much production on the occurrence of sufficient rainfall at the start of the growing season. This is because little water is stored in the soil profile. One strategy for agricultural production, which is attracting a lot of interest in Africa, is \"conservation agriculture\" (CA). In CA farmers use minimum tillage of the soil and they mulch it with organic materials to reduce water loss. The use of appropriate crop rotations is also key to CA. However, CA cannot be offered as a panacea. Its adoption has different labour demands to those of traditional cultivation, and increased use of herbicides. There may also be competing uses for the mulching materials (animal feed, fuel). Furthermore, the success of CA varies between different soils, and so it may not be universally suitable. The evaluation of CA requires cross-disciplinary input. Part of this must be an evaluation of the extent to which CA can be expected to be more resilient than traditional cultivation under climate change. African members of our established research network run CA trials, some long-term, and engage with policy makers and extension services. They and others have shown that there can be yield benefits from CA, but little is known about how CA affects the behaviour of soil water. In particular, does it improve the soil water supply (and so make production more resilient to delayed rains)? Furthermore, how does CA and its impact on water in the rooting zone affect the recharge of groundwater? There may be synergies if CA improves infiltration of water into the soil, reducing runoff and associated flooding and erosion, but there may also be trade-offs if more water is taken up by plants and does not serve to recharge the groundwater. These gaps in knowlege about CA systems, critical to their full evaluation, arise from gaps in research capacity. This has been identified through critical reflection on CA research by the partnership proposing this project. Core members of the partnership in Africa (Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi) and the UK are already engaged together in research on the nutrient status of crops under CA. Collectively we have recognized that the African research centres have uneven experience in the cross-disciplinary science areas that are key to address the questions identified above (soil physics, shallow geophysics, geohydrology and spatial statistics). Partners also lack the equipment and experience needed to undertake observations with modern methods used in soil physics (e.g. in-situ measurement of soil water dynamics). In this project we will undertake learning-centred demonstration trials in all three African countries. At each site existing trials, with CA plots and controls, will be instrumented and sampled so that the fate and behaviour of water under the contrasting systems can be compared. In addition we will undertake statistically designed soil sampling to assess the variability of soils at experimental sites and to support statistical modelling for extrapolation from experimental farms to wider regions. The design of these activities will not reflect a conventional research project but rather will be focussed on capacity strengthening. Planning, execution and publication will be undertaken collaboratively by working groups with staff from all organizations, and the experiences of these groups will be recorded formally to provide a resource for future capacity strengthening at other centres. The activities will be integrated with formal training to develop relevant technical and research skills. The Capacity Research Unit at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine are partners and will contribute to development and monitoring of the programme as an exercise in research capacity strengthening.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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"iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-NE_R014272_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["DRiSL: The Drought Risk finance Science Laboratory"], "description_narrative":["Whether on television, newspapers, the internet or first-hand we have all seen the damage that floods, droughts and other weather hazards can have on people's lives and their livelihoods. It is a sad fact that such hazard events disproportionately impact developing countries and poor people. However it is also increasingly evident that acting before a disaster occurs can save lives. For example, frontline humanitarian organisations and government agencies can themselves prepare by getting supplies and staff in readiness. More importantly, agencies can directly help the population prepare so that the impacts of a hazard are actually much reduced. Such actions depend on the lead time of a forecast but can range for example from distributing money, drought-resistant seeds, animal fodder to communities to ensuring evacuation procedures are followed. Acting before an event means they can also do this at a lower cost than the traditional 'late' post disaster humanitarian response. As a result there is growing momentum within the humanitarian system to move beyond the current 'begging bowl' funding model of post-disaster appeals, towards obtaining and distributing humanitarian funds before a disaster occurs. This change can enable humanitarians to mobilise more collaboratively, more predictably, and importantly in anticipation of crises. For this to occur requires trustworthy forecasts of hazards like storms, floods and droughts, and credible information on the condition of the people and systems exposed to them. Forecast based financing and Disaster Risk financing initiatives, utilise information to anticipate potential disasters and set pre-agreed triggers for the release of disaster prevention finance. The advantage of this approach is that it is data-driven and objective. It thereby circumvents long debates around potentially conflicting early warning signs which tend to paralyse humanitarian action. It puts in place a robust predictable process to release funding or initiate action before a disaster occurs. Humanitarian agencies working on developing these systems face a problem, however. They are not scientists nor social scientists; but they need to use information from both realms of research to trigger the systems and have confidence in this information. They also must be accountable to the people that the system looks to support and the donors that finance it. The START Network Drought financing facility (DFF) and the Weithungerhilfe (WHH) Madagascar Forecast based financing project are both at this juncture of selection and development of scientific data to apply to these initiatives. The DFF having begun the design with a Global Parametric model and have a prototype model that requires testing and evaluation, whereas the WHH Madagascar Forecast based financing project is starting out from the beginning. However, currently no process, independent honest broker, or method to provide an independent review of the scientific (science and social science) credibility of these systems exists in an operational context. This is a stumbling point in the adoption of these ground breaking initiatives by other organisations. This project looks to meet the needs of humanitarian agencies. In particular it will provide \"scientific due diligence\" to the forecast and action components of these proactive schemes and hence ensure that the information going into them is as trustworthy as possible. It will assess a suit of global drought models in regard to their uncertainty and ability to depict emerging food security crisis. Global data products will be explored alongside data on the ground of drought and food security events in the three test sites associated of Pakistan, Zimbabwe and Madagascar. It will help the humanitarian practitioners understand the limitations of the science for decision making and the fundamental risk of acting proactively when acting with forecast and monitoring information.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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In many of these countries resilience to drought is low for a myriad of reasons, including poverty, unequal political and social structures, limited access to information, and problems adapting traditional knowledge to changing situations. In the CreativeDrought project we aim to increase drought resilience by combining local indigenous knowledges with scientific methods. With a multi-disciplinary research team, we developed an interdisciplinary approach that: i) collects existing drought narratives (i.e. stories about past drought events) and other useful local knowledges, ii) develops hypothetical future drought scenarios with a hydrological model (verified with local communities), iii) organises creative experimentation workshops in which communities build future drought narratives based on the narratives and model scenarios, and finally, iv) embeds the outcomes of these workshops in local water management. This new approach needs to be tested in a pilot project. The pilot study area we have selected is the Mzingwane area in southern Zimbabwe, a very poor rural area, with a dry and irregular climate, traditional dryland farming systems, and limited effective water management. The region is currently experiencing a severe drought, related to below normal rainfall in two consecutive rainy seasons, and leading to major impacts on local communities in terms of food and water. We will conduct interviews and group sessions, based around narrative elicitation, with various groups within local communities in the Mzingwane area. In this way we will learn about the experience, perspective and cultural significance of drought events. We will build on this knowledge to develop hypothetical future scenarios with a hydrological model by extrapolating the narrated droughts to outside their historic range. The communities can then use their own experience and the modelling scenarios to experiment with stories about possible future drought events and possible effective ways of responding to them. Through this experimentation they can build up experience of dealing with droughts that are outside the range of previous drought events. This way of increasing resilience to drought is regarded as robust because it uses scientific methods, is culturally embedded and bottom-up. It also ensures that the perspectives of different members of the community are heard and incorporated. Finally, we work with local authorities to make sure the future drought narratives that the communities have developed will feed into official decision-making processes. The team of the CreativeDrought project consists of experienced academics from different backgrounds. While some have collaborated before, the project also creates new links and allows team members to apply their work outside the UK. We actively build on recent and current projects of the team members. The team builds bridges between different disciplines (natural and social sciences, arts & humanities), between countries (UK, Zimbabwe), and between scientists and local stakeholders (community members, NGOs and authorities). To increase success of the project, we will link up with existing projects in the same area and have an international scientific steering committee. The outcomes of this research are diverse, including meetings and workshops with local stakeholders, high-level scientific publications, a website to disseminate results and archive collected data, and a proposal that aims at applying our new interdisciplinary approach to other case study areas in Africa and around the world. With the CreativeDrought project we hope to lay the foundations for new ways of increasing the drought resilience of rural communities in developing countries, by combining strengths of local knowledge and cultural expressions with scientific methods.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-NERC-12345","GB-GOV-NERC-12345","GB-EDU-133784"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL","NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","2017-07-31T00:00:00Z","2018-02-28T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"4", "recipient_country_code":["ZW"], "recipient_country_percentage":[100.0], "sector_code":["41082"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","1","1","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1"], "budget_type":["1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2016-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2017-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[111241.54], "budget_value_currency":["GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2016-11-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[47641.59,57745.77,164737.22], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2017-03-31T00:00:00Z","2016-11-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[63322.01547776391,71220.23516370953,204810.92317659876] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-NE_R009139_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["International: TAMSAT-AgricuLtural EaRly warning sysTem (TAMSAT-ALERT) platform"], "description_narrative":["We propose the development of a new platform, TAMSAT-ALERT*, which will transform proven research in decision support for African agriculture into a platform co-designed with key stakeholders in the agricultural and financial sectors, dedicated to supporting farmers facing time-critical agronomic decisions every season. TAMSAT-ALERT (AgricuLtural dEcision suppoRT) is a methodological framework for assessing weather-related risk to agriculture. TAMSAT has piloted the framework and associated data products in several African countries, including Ghana and Zambia, in partnership with national hydrometeorological services, and leaders in the financial and agricultural sectors. Currently the framework exists as a set of research level code, which can only be run within the TAMSAT group. The proposed project will develop TAMSAT-ALERT into a platform, which can be utilized by the agricultural and financial sectors in Africa and beyond - bridging the gap between research level products and an operational tool. To engage a wide community of stakeholders, the platform will be served through a website, a smartphone app and R/python packages. Our vision is a set of sustainable technologies that can be exploited independently of the project investigators for societal good. *Tropical Applications of Meteorology using SATellite data and ground observations - AgricuLtural dEcision suppoRT system","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-NERC-12345","GB-GOV-NERC-12345"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL","NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF READING"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","2018-10-31T00:00:00Z","2018-10-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"2", "recipient_country_code":["ZW","ZM","GH","KE"], "recipient_country_percentage":[25.0,25.0,25.0,25.0], "sector_code":["41082"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","0","1","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","2018-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[50354.66,25177.33], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[25155.7,25177.33,25177.33,25177.33,100709.32], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[33130.18399533305,33464.023344912915,35172.934102800624,33748.315754759096,133008.6788327722] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-NE_R009392_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["Implementing innovative technology to tackle barriers in utilising human waste derived fertilisers in Sub Saharan African agriculture"], "description_narrative":["Agriculture is a major sector in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) and provides employment to many people. It is not only a source of livelihood but also their way of life. Many of them are subsistence farmers and need to ensure that the crop productivity is as optimum as possible. One factor that influences crop productivity is the use of suitable amount of fertilisers. This is not a guarantee as many other factors influence crop productivity such as irrigation, climate, pest/disease/weeds, soil organic matter and crop varieties. However if all other factors are optimum then fertiliser applications can play a major role in influencing crop productivity. A challenge in SSA is that chemical fertiliser prices are expensive which results in low application to the farm. The available options to supplement the low application of chemical fertilisers are to use organic amendments such as crop residue, livestock manure, biosolids and compost. Biosolids that is used in the developed country comes from a treatment plant and treated to an acceptable standard that is safe. However this is not the case in most parts of the SSA. An available option in SSA is faecal derived material from dry toilets in settlements. This faecal matter when treated to safe standards through processes such as composting can be utilised as a valuable fertilisers needed for crop production. Whilst there is general understandings that faecal matter derived fertilisers (FDF) are beneficial for crop productivity, there are perception issues that curbs its full potential. In addition there could be variation between different batches of FDF depending on the feedstock being utilised. This also reduces the reliance on its use as fertilisers in addition to the earlier perception issues due to unpleasant odour and nature of faecal matter. This project is timely as it offers technological solutions that tackle the challenges explained above and can potentially increase the use of FDF and instil confidence amongst farmers. The aim of the proposed project is to demonstrate the feasibility of deploying technology based solutions in SSA to test and evaluate FDF to overcome barriers in using it in agriculture. The proposed technology will be supported by translational and knowledge exchange so that its implementation can be effective at ground level and be widely accepted in order to tackle existing barriers in implementing its use in agriculture. The proposed technology is a simple paper based method that can be used to determine nutrient content (particularly nitrate and ammonium) in FDF. This project will also explore the option of a mobile phone App that is being developed as part of another project for the ease of end-users such as farmers. Whilst this method is simple and can be effective, steps will be taken as part of this project to ensure that the precision and accuracy of this tool does not compromise any information gathered on the nutrient status of such fertilisers. This project will also engage closely with end-users such as farmers and agronomists through workshops and seminars so that any doubts can be clarified through effective communication. This project will also provide a tool which end-users can use to determine landbank that is suitable to receive FDF. In this way the land can be used efficiently and coupled with the mobile phone App which can inform on how suitable the fertiliser that is being applied. This can be a win-win situation which can not only provide a solution for sanitation (through safe disposal and treatment of faecal matter into fertilisers) but also tackle food security through potential improvement in soil fertility and crop production. There will be close engagement with end-users to ensure that willingness to accept the use of such technologies. The outcome of this project will be very valuable in improving the socio-economic status of farmers and rely more on renewable sources of fertilisers to practice sustainable agriculture.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-GOV-NERC-12345","GB-GOV-NERC-12345"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL","NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL","CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","2019-10-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"2", "recipient_country_code":["AO","BJ","BW","BF","BI","CV","CM","CF","TD","KM","CG","CI","CD","DJ","GQ","ER","SZ","ET","GA","GM","GH","GN","GW","KE","LS","LR","MG","MW","ML","MR","MU","MZ","NA","NE","NG","RW","SH","ST","SN","SL","SO","ZA","SS","SD","TZ","TG","UG","ZM","ZW"], "recipient_country_percentage":[2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123,2.0408163265306123], "sector_code":["41082"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["0","0","0","0","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","2018-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2019-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[39319.78,50717.9], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","3","3","3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[11398.17,11398.14,19659.87,19659.89,19659.89,19659.89,101435.86], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-11-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[14105.801679425987,14449.157928663493,25679.01291870801,26130.611066321166,27465.025697256577,26352.60273523168,133968.23377286276] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_P022081_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["A mathematical modeling framework for tuberculosis burden estimation and economic evaluation of pharmaceutical interventions"], "description_narrative":["Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death globally. In 2015, WHO estimated there were 9.6 million TB cases and 1.5 TB deaths. Nearly 500,000 of these cases were resistant to two or more of the main drugs used to treat TB. New drugs, and combinations of drugs, are being developed to treat tuberculosis, as are new vaccines that may protect against disease in adults. Quantifying the burden of TB is fundamental to understanding its global epidemiology and for making appropriate resource allocation decisions. Most estimates of new TB case numbers each year rely strongly on the number of cases reported by countries in that year to WHO. Unfortunately, one in three TB cases are thought to go either undetected or unreported, so the number of cases reported underestimates the number of new cases. While one can correct for this, it is hard to know exactly how much to adjust the reported numbers. Some countries have good systems for recording causes of deaths, which can be used to estimate the number of deaths caused by TB. Increasingly, large and expensive prevalence surveys are being used to estimate the number of people with active disease in a population. These estimates are less subject to bias, but measure a different quantity. Little work has explored the best way of combining these three data sources. A major goal of this work is to use mathematical transmission models for burden estimation and provide a unified framework for all data. These models yield the number of new cases, deaths, and also the prevalence of disease. They explicitly represent disease transmission and so introduce a dependence between the number of new cases in different years. These models involve parameters evidenced from previous epidemiological work, but must be calibrated to learn from data on TB reports, deaths and prevalence. Calibration means adjusting imperfectly known model parameters in order to match observed model outputs to the data. This process provides a model that may be used to make predictions about burden, but may also teach us something about the underlying processes. Many of the parameters concerning the epidemiology and disease course of TB are quite uncertain, and this uncertainty is rarely represented fully in models needing calibration, but will be done in this project using statistical techniques that also allow comparison of different models' performance. TB burden estimation and calibration of transmission models are almost always carried out on a country-by-country basis. Many parameters describing disease progression are likely to be similar in different countries, even if their exact values differ for unknown reasons. Hierarchical modelling techniques allow such parameters to be correlated between countries. This can improve precision, particularly for countries with little data, as estimates can be informed by data from neighbouring countries. I will explore these techniques for the transmission model, and also in statistical modelling aiming to account for the observed patterns of drug-resistance. The transmission model will ultimately be extended to include different types of drug resistance. As new treatments and vaccines emerge, those with responsibility for public health will want to understand the potential impact these new technologies can have in terms of gains in health, and changes in spending. Producing cost-effectiveness and budget impact evidence requires a model that includes transmission, in order to account for indirect benefits accrued by avoiding secondary cases. We will use our model to provide guidance to decision-makers seeking to maximise health gain with limited resources. We will also analyse sources of uncertainty in the model to identify future research that would have most value in increasing the precision of burden estimates and in reducing decision uncertainty around the introduction of new interventions.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","2022-06-30T00:00:00Z","2022-08-31T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], 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accessible HIV Prevention, Treatment, Care and Support services for women prisoners in Zimbabwe and Malawi."], "description_narrative":["The Sub Saharan African region remains at the epicentre of the HIV epidemic, with a continuing disproportionate level of HIV infected women and girls, and concentration of HIV among inmates in prisons. HIV prevalence among women prisoners is higher due to sub-standards in hygiene, limited access to sexual and reproductive (SRH) services, and interruption of the necessary services during incarceration. Adequate health services in prisons are mandated under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3, 5, and 16), as well as under the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Nelson Mandela Rules), the Bangkok Rules for Female Prisoners and in the SSA region, where the partnership will take place, the Southern African Development Community Minimum Standards for HIV in Prisons. The rationale for this new partnership is grounded in the recent United Nations evaluation, which reported that current provisions for women in Zimbabwean and Malawian prison systems currently fall far short of mandated equivalence care standards. This unique partnership will challenge and address the SRH inequalities of women prisoners, who are a vulnerable HIV/AIDS population in Zimbabwe and Malawi. Both countries are compromised by a lack of robust gender sensitive monitoring systems for HIV/AIDs in prisons, and little strategic information available around women prisoner's experiences and needs. It will set the scene for a strong international collaborative effort to monitor, investigate, understand and promote women prisoner's human rights and SRH needs in Zimbabwe and Malawi. The issue of HIV/AIDS in prisons is both a human rights and public health issue, which requires a strategic approach to prevent HIV transmission and improve health for all, whilst at the same time ensuring the respect of human rights and dignity of those infected and requiring treatment. The partnership is interdisciplinary and inter sectoral, and brings together key partners from development, law, gender and human rights, and the performing arts, in conjunction with public health and clinical disciplines. Its research, communication and policy reform activities sit within the global aim of leveraging the end of AIDS through working and collaborating in an interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral partnership (sustainable development goal, SDG 17). Understanding prison environmental cultures which shape prison staff and wardens' understanding and responsiveness to female prisoners' SRH needs in both countries is vital to inform policy change and improved standards for women prisoners and their children. In partnership with CSOs, the project activities will support expert and local knowledge sharing and build national and international collaboration to generate research interest, research capacity and expertise, and develop participatory theatre programmes used to disseminated HIV/AIDS and SRH messages. Local cultures are central to design and piloting in prisons. Participatory HIV communication using forum and image theatre have never been applied to women in the prison setting. Using theatre, women prisoners are both creators and spectators. This is central to communication of HIV and SRH messages to prisoners and staff, both within the public health and human rights domains. The partnership through its activities will foster health citizenship and a sense of belonging to a community of people whose citizenship has been devalued at two levels, namely that of gender, and that of incarceration. The partnership represents a form of international sustainable development work which will create a first step in both countries towards addressing female prisoner SRH disparity, and ensure that their views are utilized to contribute to reframing of gender sensitive and human rights based prison responses and prison health policies, and enhance their access to high-quality and stigma-free SRH and HIV prison services when needed.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."], "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"], "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"], "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"], "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES UNIVERSITY"], "activity_status_code":"4", "activity_date_iso_date":["2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","2020-02-28T00:00:00Z"], "activity_date_type":["1","2","3","4"], "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"], "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"], "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"], "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"], "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"], "activity_scope_code":"2", "recipient_country_code":["MW","ZW"], "recipient_country_percentage":[50.0,50.0], "sector_code":["12182"], "sector_vocabulary":["1"], "policy_marker_code":["1","5","6","7","8","10","11","12"], "policy_marker_significance":["2","0","0","1","0","0","0","0"], "policy_marker_vocabulary":["1","1","1","1","1","1","1","1"], "collaboration_type_code":"1", "default_flow_type_code":"10", "default_finance_type_code":"110", "default_aid_type_code":["D02"], "default_tied_status_code":"5", "budget_status":["1","1"], "budget_type":["1","1"], "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"], "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2019-03-31T00:00:00Z","2020-03-31T00:00:00Z"], "budget_value":[85120.82,85120.83], "budget_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "capital_spend_percentage":0.0, "transaction_type":["3","3","2"], "transaction_date_iso_date":["2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"], "transaction_value":[85120.83,85120.82,170241.65], "transaction_value_currency":["GBP","GBP"], "transaction_value_date":["2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-01-01T00:00:00Z"], "hierarchy":1, "transaction_value_usd":[105217.72144493253,107905.6908580995,235124.74826246483] },{ "default_currency":"GBP", "default_lang":"en", "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_S019170_1", "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13", "reporting_org_type_code":"10", "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"], "title_narrative":["MICA: Development of new agents for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis"], "description_narrative":["A recent clinical study in Africa and South Asia has found that cryptosporidiosis is one of the most significant causes of death and illness from diarrheal diseases amongst children in the developing world. Cryptosporidiosis is caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite; the predominant species infecting humans are called Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum. This parasite mainly lives in the cells in the gut wall and has a complex life-cycle. Infection occurs due to consumption of water or food contaminated with the parasites. Parasites are spread from an infected individual through their faeces. In people who are healthy and well nourished, the disease clears naturally within a couple of weeks. However, in people who are malnourished (particularly in young children) and people with an immune system that is not functioning properly (for example HIV/AIDS victims), the disease can have a much more significant impact. It is the major contributor to life-threatening diarrhea in young children, with 2.9-4.7 million cases in children under 24 months in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian sub-continent, leading to more than 200,000 deaths per year. Cryptosporidiosis is also associated with malnutrition and stunted growth in children and probably causes chronic infections, which last for weeks or months. The only drug registered for the treatment of this disease is nitazoxanide, which is not very effective, especially in those patients who are most severely affected due to a weak immune system and/ or malnutrition. Therefore there is an urgent need for the development of new drugs to treat: (1) children <24 months, especially those that are malnourished and with chronic diarrhea; and (2) immunocompromised children and adults with advanced AIDS and chronic diarrhea. Cryptosporidium may be the cause of as much as 75% of chronic diarrhea in this patient cohort. We have discovered some chemical starting points that can be used for a drug discovery programme. We have a series of compounds that kill the parasites and also are very effective in clearing the parasites from rodent models of cryptosporidiosis. The compounds are thought to work through preventing the parasite making proteins. The aim of this project is to take these starting points and optimise them to make a molecule which has the potential to be a drug. This will require us to optimise multiple features of the molecule: its ability to kill the parasite, its ability to reach the sites in the body where the parasite resides without being broken down, and its safety. At the end of this project we hope to have a \"preclinical candidate\". This is a compound that we think should be suitable to enter human clinical trials. The steps after this project, prior to human clinical trials will be to make the compound on a larger scale under properly defined conditions and to carry out formal safety testing.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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Three of the World Health Organisation's 10 most significant neglected tropical diseases - African trypanosomiasis (also known as sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, and Chagas' disease - are caused by closely-related single-celled parasites. Human infection with African trypanosomes is brought about when an infected tsetse fly takes a blood meal. Without treatment the disease progresses through general ill health to coma and death. Current drugs in use against trypanosomes are old, toxic and failing due to emergence of resistance. Urgent new research is needed to identify potential new therapeutic options. An unusual aspect of African trypanosomes is that they multiply in the human blood in full view of the body's defence systems. They do this by periodically changing their cell surface to escape recognition by the host. However, many molecules on the parasite surface perform essential functions and cannot be changed. Trypanosomes place these in a special, protected domain on the cell surface. Identifying surface-exposed invariant molecules and understanding how this protective segregation is maintained are of major scientific interest, as well as of practical utility in uncovering ways in which trypanosomes may be vulnerable to new therapies. Using a combinatorial approach funded by the MRC, I have previously identified the composition of the African trypanosome cell surface. I now aim to exploit this knowledge to single out those invariant surface molecules that are essential to the survival of the parasite during infection. For this, I propose to harness some of the power of modern DNA sequencing technologies to test which cell surface genes, when silenced, cause the parasite to die inside the host. A similar method will be used to identify not only cell surface genes, but any genes that the parasite uses to maintain the cell surface organisation, which is so critical to escaping the host immune attack. Finally, I propose to test those surface-exposed molecules for their potential as vaccines. My pilot experiments show that I can use genetically-modified parasite to screen for molecules on the parasite surface that are accessible to the immune system. I propose to develop this assay and test the most promising candidates in an animal model of human disease. The proposed work will increase our understanding of the fundamental biology of a significant human parasite, and also, by exposing essential surface molecules, provide the first steps in developing new treatments.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. 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Serious illness has major effects on both the patient and family. In low and middle income countries these can be physical (such as pain and their symptoms) psychological, social (with additional stressors on income, children's school fees, stigma) and spiritual. This can affect both the wellbeing of the patient and family and their ability to access and stay in care. Health systems must address more than just the disease- they must become more \"person centred\". Person-centred care means that the health system is organised to meet the needs of the individual in ways that respond to their preferences, values and beliefs, offering dignity and respect. Being person-centred is seen to be a way to ensure that care services are high quality. By improving the health system through the workforce (the health care staff) the information it holds (on the individual's needs and preferences) and the way things are delivered, we can make care more person-centred. What will we do? 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