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      "title_narrative":["A Socio-technical Study of Electricity Demand, Efficiency and Flexibility in the Urban Housing Sector of Burkina Faso"],
      "description_narrative":["Universal access to a secure electricity supply is essential for the economic development and welfare of the population of Burkina Faso. Rapid urbanisation and an increased use of air conditioning (AC) has led to an 8.4% annual increase in the country's electricity demand since 2010. The nation's generation capacity is unable to keep up, resulting in frequent power outages, and a 45% dependence on energy imports creating high and volatile costs for consumers.\n\nAn uninterrupted and affordable electricity supply would increase household incomes; improve education of children; save time and money collecting alternative fuels, particularly for women; improve the productivity of businesses; and accelerate the installation of new electricity connections. These direct benefits would reduce current rates of social and economic poverty, unemployment, illiteracy and emigration in the country.\n\nUpgrading the country's electricity generation and supply system is a long-term challenge, but in the short-term, our project partners, the Government of Burkina Faso and national electricity utility, SONABEL, believe the implementation of demand side management (DSM) programmes (electricity efficiency and flexibility) in the housing sector (which accounts for 33% of national electricity use) would better balance supply and demand and unlock these beneficial development outcomes.\n\nThe Government has also committed to reduce electricity demand and improve energy efficiency in homes to cut Green House Gas emissions and help mitigate the effects of climate change, a phenomenon that disproportionately effects the Sahel region where Burkina Faso is located and is itself further exacerbating electricity demand as households are increasingly using AC to stay cool.\n\nHowever, at present, there is almost no data on household electricity demand, efficiency or flexibility in Burkina Faso for a successful, evidence based implementation of DSM. The aims and objectives of this research and partnership building project will address this substantial gap in knowledge. The project has been developed collaboratively with the Government of Burkina Faso and SONABEL to ensure the research delivers the data and evidence they need.\n  \nFor the direct research, a socio-technical residential electricity study will be undertaken with 100 households in Ouagadougou. Field measurements of electricity demands and internal temperatures of homes will provide empirical insights into households' electricity load profiles, use of AC, time-of-use and peak loads. An efficiency and flexibility survey will be completed to understand households' current practices and opportunities for improving energy efficiency at home, as well as identifying load shifting and curtailment actions that households would be willing to implement to prevent power outages. Diversity in responses due to the socio-technical characteristics of the households and dwellings will be studied.\n \nSimultaneously a range of partnership building activities (e.g. research visits, project meetings, workshops, mini conference) will be undertaken. These are tailored to the stage of the project programme to either inform the delivery of the direct research or form a platform for discussion, dissemination and impact generation of the research findings. \n\nAn international network of 6 Universities will be created where future research on energy and development challenges in Burkina Faso and other African countries will stem. The network will also act as a platform for ongoing mutually beneficial exchange of knowledge and skills.\n \nTo deliver development impact within the project's life time, workshops with the Government and SONABEL will turn the research findings into evidence based recommendations to inform future policy and DSM programmes. Project partner GGGI will use their extensive network, to engage wider stakeholders and beneficiaries, so a range of routes to impact are achieved.","The project has the following aims and objectives:\n\nAim 1: To understand the electricity demands and avenues for demand side management programmes in urban homes in Burkina Faso and how these relate to the socio-technical characteristics of the households and dwellings. \n\nAim 2: To develop international partnerships with academics, industry, government and development organisations to address the electricity demand challenges faced by Burkina Faso.\n\nThe Aims will be achieved by pursuing the following objectives.\n\nObjective 1. Planning and Testing: Develop the materials for the recruitment of a cohort of households for the field study. Test and calibrate the monitoring equipment to be installed in the field study homes. Prepare a database for the storage of socio-technical, efficiency and flexibility and measurement data from the field study homes.\n   \nObjective 2. Field Study: Undertake field measurements of the electricity demands and internal temperatures of a cohort of 100 homes in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Investigate the opportunities for efficiency and flexibility with the cohort of households using a survey.\n\nObjective 3. Analysis: Analyse the relationships between electricity demands, efficiency and flexibility and socio-technical characteristics of the cohort of households and dwellings. Provide and discuss in workshops evidence based recommendations with key stakeholders in Burkina Faso to inform the implementation of policy and demand side management programmes.    \n\nObjective 4. Partnership Building, Impact and Dissemination: Undertake a range of partnership building activities with the investigators, project partners, advisory panel and wider stakeholders to ensure both the value and impact of the research is realised and to lay the groundwork for future collaborative projects to continue to tackle energy and development challenges in Burkina Faso and other neighbouring African countries."],
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      "title_narrative":["Ecology of insecticide resistant vectors: consequences for the effectiveness of malaria control strategies"],
      "description_narrative":["Insecticides impregnated into bednets is the most widespread strategy to control and eliminate malaria worldwide. Insecticides work by killing mosquitoes that can transmit malaria and have been extremely successful in reducing malaria cases throughout sub-Saharan Africa. However, mosquitos are increasingly resistant to insecticides, threatening to reduce their effectiveness. Despite the gravity of this impending threat, the extent of insecticide resistance (IR) and its consequences for public health remain poorly understood. A fundamental assumption is that resistant mosquitoes are identical to susceptible ones in all aspects other than their response to insecticides. However, there are several reasons why this may not be the case. For example, malaria transmission is known to be more sensitive to variation in the long-term survival and behaviour of mosquitoes than to their overall abundance. These features, in addition to other mosquito life-history traits such as their reproductive success, may be altered in resistant mosquitoes. Together this could result in insecticide-based control methods retaining a higher than expected degree of efficacy, even in areas where IR levels are high, which would suggest the possibility of developing control methods to mitigate the consequences of resistance i.e. \"resistance busting strategies\".  Thus understanding the ecology and behaviour of IR mosquitoes and how their life history is affected in the short and long-term by control measures is crucial for prediction of the consequences of resistance. Unfortunately, these parameters are difficult to directly measure under natural field conditions, and may be poorly reflected in laboratory bioassays. However, recent developments in ecological modelling have delivered breakthrough, but as yet rarely applied, methods for deriving such hidden (latent) information from the multiple types of data that are routinely collected in mosquito surveillance. I propose to use these new methods to investigate the population dynamics and ecology of malaria mosquitoes in an area of high IR, and to quantify the impacts of both traditional and novel control methods on mosquito life history under field operational conditions. I will focus on the Banfora district of Burkina Faso, a region of high IR, and will make use of mosquito surveillance data, including mosquito abundance, infectiousness, IR status and behaviour, being collected by my collaborators in the AvecNet programme. This data collection is part of a 2-year 90-villages large-scale intervention trial of two alternative malaria control methods for which laboratory assays predict will reduce mosquito populations through two different routes: 1) traditional bednets (LLIN) that are coated with the insecticide pyrethroid, which works by killing adult female mosquitos; and 2) new Olyset DUO nets that are coated with a pyrethroid to reduce adult mosquito survival but also with pyriproxifen, an insect juvenile hormone that affects fecundity and longevity. However, it is unclear how reliably these expected demographic impacts occur when applied within natural populations.   To address these issues I will apply novel analytical tools that integrate the various types of data generated from widely-used surveillance techniques with clinical incidence data, in order to reconstruct the hidden population dynamics and life history-traits of IR mosquito vectors, and use it to 1) determine how the ecology of IR mosquitoes modulates their malaria transmission potential, 2) quantify the impacts of current and novel control methods on these mosquitoes and 3) design optimal deployment of future intervention methods in areas of high IR.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["A comparative trial of seasonal vaccination with the malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01, seasonal malaria chemoprevention and the two interventions combined"],
      "description_narrative":["There has been substantial progress in the control of malaria during the past decade, but it is estimated that in 2015 there were still 438 000 deaths from malaria, despite widespread deployment of insecticide treated bednets and an increase in access to diagnosis and effective treatment: new tools and approaches are needed. In the African Sahel and sub-Sahel, the risk of malaria is concentrated in the few months of the rainy season, although some transmission continues during the rest of the year.  The seasonality of malaria in this part of Africa has allowed the development of a control measure called seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), which involves treatment of young children, regardless of whether they have any symptoms, with the antimalarials sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ) at monthly intervals on four occasions during the malaria transmission season, a regimen which is very demanding on health care givers and recipient children.   The malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01 has been in development for over 20 years. A recent trial conducted in 15,439 children showed that when three doses of the vaccine were given to children aged 5-17 months, followed by a fourth dose a year later, the vaccine provided 37% protection against clinical attacks of malaria over a period of 4 years, and a similar level of protection against severe malaria. The vaccine caused febrile convulsions in about 1% of children and there was a small, unexplained, increase in the incidence of meningitis in  vaccine recipients.  These findings were reviewed by the European Medicine Agency in July 2015 and, based on the balance of benefits and risks, the Agency gave the vaccine  a positive opinion. WHO has subsequently recommended that several large pilot implementation studies should be done before the vaccine is deployed more widely and that alternative approaches to its delivery should be explored.  A characteristic feature of the vaccine is that it produces high levels of protection in the first few months after vaccination but that this subsequently wanes. Vaccine efficacy of 86% (26/30 subjects protected) was obtained in a recent trial in USA military volunteers challenged shortly after three doses of vaccine had been given,  the last dose at a lower concentration than usual. The aim of this study is to take advantage of the high initial efficacy of RTS,S/AS01 to investigate its potential to provide protection to children exposed to malaria for just a few months each year.   A three arm trial is proposed which will compare  (a) administration of three doses of RTS,S/AS01 to young children followed by a fourth  and a fifth dose at the beginning of two subsequent malaria transmission season (b) administration of SMC with SP + AQ  as recommended by WHO (c) the combination of these two interventions. The main objectives of the trial will be to determine  whether  RTS,S/AS01  provides a similar level of protection to that of SMC and is equally cost effective as SMC but is easier to administer and whether combination of the two interventions provides an added, cost effective benefit.  The trial will be conducted in 6,000 children (2,000 in each arm) in Hounde, Burkina Faso and Bougouni, Mali where a trial of adding the antibiotic azithromycin to the anti-malaria treatment regimen used for SMC is currently under way and due to finish at the end of 2016.  The study team and many of the techniques needed for the new trial are, therefore, in place.  The main end-point of the new trial will be the incidence of episodes of clinical malaria severe enough to warrant treatment. Other end-points will be the incidence of severe malaria, hospital admissions with malaria and anaemia. The safety of the two interventions will be monitored, with a focus on meningitis. The costs of the two approaches and of the combination will be measured and the preference of the local populations for each intervention will be determined.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Human Decoy Trap; operational and social acceptability of novel tool to improve surveillance and control of mosquitoes and other disease vectors"],
      "description_narrative":["Malaria infects over 200 million people every, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Nearly half a million people died from the disease in 2015, the majority of deaths being in children under the age of five. The malaria parasite is spread by infected mosquitoes and the most effective way to monitor the disease is to monitor populations of these mosquitoes. However, current tools for sampling malarial mosquitoes are time-consuming and labour intensive, making them expensive and difficult to standardize. Accordingly, data between countries and regions cannot be reliably compared. To solve this problem, we have developed a mosquito trap that exploits the blood-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes by mimicking the sensory stimuli that a mosquito follows when searching for a person to bite. These include the look, smell and temperature of warm-blooded hosts. We have incorporated these stimuli into a trap that lures mosquitoes towards it and then captures them when they land. Our project will test this \"Human Decoy\" Trap against current methods used in mosquito monitoring to determine whether the Human Decoy Trap can overcome the limitations of existing tools. We will evaluate if Human Decoy Trap catches are suitably similar to those of current traps in terms of numbers of mosquitoes and other important data related to malaria that can be extracted from mosquitoes caught by traps, such as the proportion of caught mosquitoes infected with malaria parasites. Over 90 countries, mostly low and middle income, are malaria-endemic. We will work in Burkina Faso, Benin and Cameroon, three West African countries where malaria causes thousands of deaths every year, but differing in intensity and seasonality of transmission and with different mosquito species involved. This will help us to understand whether there are differences in trap performance in a wide range of malaria settings. In addition, we will work with end-users of the trap, namely local communities, public health operatives and field technicians, to better understand their perspectives and needs regarding mosquito sampling and control. During the course of the project, we will use data we collect to optimize and improve the trap's performance and design. This will help us to develop a commercial prototype that is effective and acceptable to end-users, maximising the likelihood the trap will be adopted into the communities and sectors that need it the most. Longer-term, we envision a version of the Human Decoy Trap that can be deployed as a mosquito control tool. The most effective way of controlling malaria is to reduce the number of infective mosquito bites a person receives. This is currently achieved by providing people with insecticide-treated bed nets to protect them from bites whilst they sleep and spraying the walls inside houses thus killing mosquitoes that rest there. However, neither of these options protects people from mosquitoes that may bite them outdoors during the day or just before they go to bed at night. Data from this current project will be used to provide preliminary evidence for the suitability of the Human Decoy Trap as a control tool that is specifically targeted at malaria mosquitoes biting outdoors, which may also be effective against other species of mosquitoes that can carry other infectious diseases, such as dengue fever, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Such an improved sampling method would enhance the quality of data necessary for efficient targeting and evaluation of malaria control intervention activities and reduce the cost of collecting it. A successful outdoor mosquito control device would help to reduce the population of infected mosquitoes that cause malaria. Ultimately, the combined effect of these tools would be a reduction in the human suffering and death caused by malaria to millions of people every year and an improvement in the social and economic prospects of the 3.2 billion people living at risk of malaria.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "description_narrative":["Since the year 2000, controlling mosquitoes with insecticide-based interventions has led to a 37% reduction in malaria mortality globally. Nevertheless, malaria still caused 438 000 deaths in 2015, and further progress is being threatened by increasing levels of insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors. The global malaria community urgently needs new tools to monitor mosquito vector populations. Several aspects of mosquito demography and physiology are particularly crucial for planning and assessing vector control strategies.  Prime amongst these are determination of mosquito vector species and age structure.  Accurate species identification is required to confirm what vectors are responsible for transmission.  Mosquito age is a critical determinant of their transmission potential.  This is because the malaria parasite undergo a period of development within the vector before they become transmissible.  Additionally, measurement of insecticide resistance status is essential to assess how effectively vectors could be targeted by current frontline control methods such as Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs) and spraying. Unfortunately, no methods are currently available  for rapid, large-scale and simultaneous measurement of these crucial mosquito vector demographic and physiological traits. This proposal aims to fill that gap by developing and validating a novel technology for high throughput, high precision surveillance of malaria vector populations in LMICs.   This project aims to develop such a tool for malaria vectors on the basis on strong existing partnerships with leading African malaria researchers, and world-class physical chemists and vector biologists in the UK.   Specifically, the technology is based on the measurement of molecular signature of the mosquito cuticle, which is the outer part of the insects, to predict key traits (species, age and insecticide resistance). Indeed, the composition and structure of the mosquito cuticle, similar to the mammalian skin, changes when the organism ages, it is different in different species, and it is altered in mosquitoes that are resistant to insecticides. Here, we propose to characterize the cuticular changes associated with the traits mentioned above to then make predictions on individual mosquitoes of unknown conditions. The proposed technology is rapid and cost effective as it is based on the measurement of the light absorbed by mosquitoes, a procedure that do not require any sample preparation nor chemical reagents, and it is readily performed in few seconds by a spectrophotometer. The spectra - corresponding to the light absorbed by individual mosquitoes - will be analysed by powerful computational analysis which will enable to estimate the mosquito traits.  We will follow a two-stage process starting with laboratory evaluation of mosquitoes at the University of Glasgow to build on our compelling pilot work on the use of Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (MIRS) coupled with artificial neural network (ANN).  After further optimization and methods development, we will transfer this technology to two of Africa's leading malaria vector research and control institutes where it will undergo further evaluation and application within a diverse range of mosquito vector populations.  We envision this will form the first steps of a pathway along which this technology can be transferred to LMICs for integration into a range of mosquito surveillance applications including programmes to eliminate malaria, and control of other mosquito-borne pathogens such as Zika and Dengue where effective solutions are desperately needed.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Repair and Repurposing for Pandemic Resilience in Low Income and Humanitarian Settings"],
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