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      "title_narrative":["The \"Irie Classrooms Toolbox\": a cluster randomised trial of a universal violence prevention programme in Jamaican preschools."],
      "description_narrative":["Violence is a leading worldwide public health problem with a very high prevalence in Jamaica. Interventions in early childhood are an important component in the primary prevention of violence. Training young children's caregivers in behavioural strategies to reduce child aggression and promote child social skills can 1) prevent the early development of antisocial behaviour in children and 2) reduce violence against children by caregivers. Corporal punishment is widely used in schools across Jamaica despite efforts by the Ministry of Education to eliminate it. Although banned by law in early childhood institutions, corporal punishment is still common in Jamaican preschools. The prevalence of conduct problems in young Jamaican children has not been accurately determined but estimates suggest it is between 12%-21%. Preschool teachers report child behaviour problems as a major concern and feel ill equipped to deal with them. We have shown that teachers trained to use evidence-based child behaviour management strategies provide a more emotionally supportive classroom environment and use less corporal punishment. This translates to improvements in class-wide child behaviour; reductions in high-risk children's conduct problems and increases in their social skills at school and at home. Through several years working with preschool teachers in Jamaica, we have developed an intervention that involves guiding teachers in the use of  a \"toolbox\" of key behaviour management strategies that are relevant, easy to use, effective and flexible. The intervention is delivered through participatory and practical methods and has been specifically designed to be scalable, low cost and suitable for use in low resource settings with teachers with limited formal teacher training.  We now plan to evaluate this intervention in 76 preschools (228 classrooms) to determine if benefits are obtained when the training is disseminated on a large scale. The preschools will be randomly assigned to a group in which all teachers receive the intervention in year 1 (38 preschools, 114 classrooms) and a second group that will receive the intervention a year later (38 preschools, 114 classrooms). The intervention will involve 5 full-day workshops, monthly in-class support and weekly text messages over the course of a school year. We will evaluate the effect of the intervention on class-wide measures of child aggression and teachers' use of corporal punishment and verbal abuse. We will also evaluate whether the intervention benefits the quality of the classroom environment, class-wide measures of children's prosocial behaviour, teachers' mental health and children's self-regulation, mental health and attendance. We will examine issues surrounding implementation of the intervention including measuring the degree to which teachers adopt the strategies in the classroom, factors affecting teachers' uptake of the intervention and teachers' views on the components of the toolbox and the training. This will help us to refine the toolbox to ensure its' suitability for implementation at scale. An economic evaluation will be conducted to ascertain the costs associated with delivering the intervention to teachers and the ratio of costs to the benefits obtained. This study has the potential to make an enormous public health impact in Jamaica with benefits to reduced aggression and improved child mental health at the population level. We have close links with the government agencies and training institutions responsible for early childhood education in Jamaica and are confident that, if this study shows positive results, the intervention will be integrated into on-going teacher training initiatives. Furthermore, the intervention would be suitable for use at the preschool and early primary school level in other low and middle-income countries with potential to be an important component of global initiatives to prevent violence against children and to promote child mental health.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "title_narrative":["Development and evaluation of an integrated early childhood development and violence prevention teacher-training intervention in Jamaican preschools"],
      "description_narrative":["The 'Irie Classroom Toolbox' is a universal violence prevention programme, developed for use in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), which involves training preschool teachers in classroom behaviour management and in how to promote young children's social-emotional competence.  We recently conducted a study in Jamaica in which 76 preschools were randomly assigned to either receive training in the 'Irie Classroom Toolbox' (38 schools, 115 teachers) or to receive the training at a later date (38 schools, 114 teachers). We found that teachers trained in the 'Irie Classroom Toolbox' used 67% less violence against children (including physical punishment, verbal abuse and intimidation) than teachers who did not receive the training. Furthermore, the training led to significant improvements to the emotional and organisational climate of the classroom, and to observations of children's class-wide prosocial skills. A random sample of children was evaluated (n=865) and benefits of intervention were found for children's inhibitory control and for the proportion of children with clinical level behaviour difficulties.  Although significant benefits were also found to the instructional support offered by intervention teachers; the scores for both intervention and control teachers were low (<2 on a 7-point scale); indicating that cognitive and language stimulation was inadequate.  To maximise the effectiveness of the 'Irie Classroom Toolbox' to promote children's development across the cognitive and language domains in addition to the social and emotional domains, teachers need additional training. In this study, we plan to evaluate a module on instructional support which will include include i) how to promote children's higher order thinking and cognition, ii) how to provide feedback to expand child learning and understanding and iii) how to facilitate children's language development.   20 preschools who been trained in the 'Irie Classroom Toolbox' will be randomly assigned to a group in which teachers receive training in instructional support (10 schools, 30 classrooms) or a second group that will receive no additional training (10 schools, 30 classrooms). A random sample of 5 children per class will also be evaluated (300 children; 150 in each group). The intervention involves 2 full-day training workshops and 4 in-class support sessions (once a month for four months).  We will evaluate the effect of the intervention on teachers' use of the instructional strategies during teaching and learning activities. We will also evaluate the selected children's school readiness and language skills. To monitor that this additional training does not reduce teachers' behaviour management skills, we will measure teachers' use of violence against children and child behaviour difficulties in both groups. We will document factors relating to the implementation of the intervention on an on-going basis including teachers' engagement with the material, their strengths and needs in implementing the strategies and barriers and enablers to implementation.  Through this study we will investigate the acceptability, feasibility and effectiveness of the intervention and we will use the data to develop intervention manuals that are suitable for national dissemination including materials for teachers (e.g. activity guides) and materials for trainers (e.g. training manuals). The enhanced 'Irie Classroom Toolbox' produced through this study will be a teacher-training programme to i) prevent violence against children by teachers, ii) prevent the early development of antisocial behaviour and iii) promote children's social, emotional cognitive and language skills in early childhood classrooms. The intervention will be suitable for use with poorly trained teachers, working in poorly resourced settings in LMIC. The outputs of this study will make a strong contribution to the global agenda on violence prevention and the global goal of improved child development.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "budget_type":["1","1"],
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      "default_currency":"GBP",
      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_T008628_1",
      "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13",
      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Child malnutrition& Adult NCDs-Generating Evidence on mechanistic links in Jamaica, Malawi & Ethiopia to inform future policy/practice (CHANGE study)"],
      "description_narrative":["Severe malnutrition in early childhood is a major public health concern globally. This has serious consequences: - Short term: for children to survive: malnutrition in all its forms underlies some 45% of all under 5 child deaths worldwide. - Long term: for children to thrive: there is increasing realisation that early life malnutrition contributes to the fast-growing global epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).   As more children now survive episodes of malnutrition in childhood there is increasing need to understand what causes the long term problems. Evidence on this would lead to: improved early treatment of child malnutrition; improved longer term treatment aiming to reduce long term adverse effects.  In this project we have a unique opportunity to explore three groups of children/adults in: - Jamaica: children suffering from severe malnutrition in the 1980s have been followed up on several occasions already, with scope for further analysis from already collected data. - Malawi: We recently followed up a group of children admitted for severe malnutrition in 2005/6. We plan to both analyse existing data in more depth: also to possible collect new data in future.  - Ethiopia: Individuals who were young children at the time of the great Ethiopia famine of 1983-85 are about to be followed up in a pilot study. Learning from the above two projects will inform and improve plans for the Ethiopia work. We aim to understand what are the long term problems following early child malnutrition and why they occur (the 'mechanisms' by which the two problems are linked)   The work proposed in this applicaiton is background towards the above future project. There are two main activities planned   A) Review of exisiting evidence: we will search the scientific literature to better understand what other have found to date re links between early life malnutrition and adult NCDs. Through this we will identify key knowledge gaps to target in future work.  B) Collaborator meeting - we will bring together the teams working on the above three groups of children to: learn from each other and share experiences. Through this better future work will be possible and there is great potential to enhance the overall learning compared to following each group as a stand-alone. This meeting will be organised in Ethiopia in Autumn 2019: we will invite a number of key experts to make detailed plans for future work. The Ethiopia/Malawi/UK teams will also visit Jamaica (the most advanced/experienced group) to learn from their experience and thus help plan better future projects in Malawi and Ethiopia.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE"],
      "activity_status_code":"4",
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      "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"],
      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "budget_type":["1"],
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      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_N015959_1",
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      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Integrating places of worship (PoWs) into the primary care pathway to prevent and control non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Caribbean"],
      "description_narrative":["The Caribbean has the highest proportion of people suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancers, stroke and heart disease in the Americas. As in other parts of the world, this is a consequence of ageing populations, urbanisation, lifestyle changes resulting from globalisation such as unhealthy diets, lack of exercise, use of alcohol and cigarettes, and other social influences. The effects of these factors on health are worse in poor communities. Health systems in poorer countries in the Caribbean face challenges in preventing chronic diseases and meeting the needs of those affected. Our approach considers how to enhance health services taking into account the wider social and cultural context in which people live. It will use the strengths and assets of communities to promote health and reach the poorest in a cost effective and sustainable way. Religion plays an important role in the Caribbean with almost everyone attending a place of worship such as a church, mandir or mosque, at least once a month. Many studies have shown that places of worship can be used successfully to promote healthy lifestyles. However these programmes are often discontinued after the research is completed. In collaboration with national and international agencies including Ministries of Health, Inter-Religious Organizations, the Healthy Caribbean Coalition, the Caribbean Public Health Agency, and the Pan American Health Organization, we will plan and implement an intervention which uses health advocates recruited from places of worship to promote health and lifestyle changes and support the management of chronic diseases. The health advocates will be linked into local primary health care centres and supervised by nurses to ensure that when needed, early referrals are made and patients are followed up in the community. By evaluating the intervention as it is implemented in real time, we will examine whether and how this approach will improve the prevention and early detection of chronic diseases as well as support the care and treatment of those already affected.  The study will take place in three of the less wealthy Caribbean Commonwealth countries which face challenges in providing quality health care: Guyana, Jamaica and Dominica. Each of these have different social and cultural features so we will be able to compare the results and develop solutions that have relevance to the entire region. We will focus on poor rural and urban areas where the need is greatest. We will work with the Ministries of Health, nurses and doctors in regional and local health care centres and hospitals, religious leaders and congregations. The Ministry of Health will train members of the congregations to be health advocates. They will be taught to conduct simple tests such as measuring blood pressure and weight, encourage people to take medications as prescribed and attend clinic appointments, inform people about welfare benefits and help with applications, and support a healthier, more active lifestyle, such as providing exercise or healthy cooking sessions. Health advocates will be supervised and monitored by nurses at local health centres who will be trained in this new role. We will conduct continual evaluation to look at if and how the intervention is working to address the needs of the community, especially the most vulnerable.  If the research is successful, we will develop a tool kit for the Caribbean providing guidelines on how health systems and communities can work together to combat chronic diseases through the engagement of places of worship and other community-based organisations. Changing the health system in this way will reach more people than through traditional health care by providing easily accessible and regular health advice and support in the heart of local communities. It will result in significant social and economic benefits by reducing health care costs for chronic diseases and preventing disability and premature death.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000297"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","KING'S COLLEGE LONDON"],
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      "activity_date_iso_date":["2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","2016-04-01T00:00:00Z","2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","2021-12-31T00:00:00Z"],
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      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
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    },{
      "default_currency":"GBP",
      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_R019991_1",
      "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13",
      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["GCRF: Trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences Springboard (TrACES)"],
      "description_narrative":["GCRF: Trauma and Adverse Childhood Experiences Springboard (TrACES) is a programme of pump priming funding that will be competitively allocated to academics and groups of academics within the University of Exeter to develop sustainable relationships with specified LMIC countries as part of an evolving global research platform.  The primary aim of this platform is to harness existing expertise and knowledge among UK researchers on early life trauma (including adverse childhood experiences) and the mechanisms and pathways leading from such trauma to a spectrum of mental health, substance and violence-related outcomes, and expand this into collaborative research partnerships with LMIC researchers working in this field. Such collaboration across diverse global settings will allow for adaptation of existing methodologies and co-creation of new approaches and research understanding in this neglected but critically important field.    The life-course trajectories leading from early life trauma to mental illness, substance use problems, and violent behaviours, have devastating personal and societal outcomes; and these impacts have particular importance for LMIC contexts where the burden is heaviest. These health and behavioural outcomes carry a huge human and socio-economic cost and threaten to undermine these nations' ability to achieve sustainable development targets.    There is an imperative therefore to collaborate across global contexts and across scientific disciplines to broaden and enrich the evidence base in this field. This future evidence-base needs to answer questions including how early experiences of trauma may lead to harmful mental health outcomes; how some individuals are resilient and remain well despite early adversities; and how these developmental pathways may differ between varied social, economic and cultural contexts.  The TRACES programme of funding will be for the first stage of establishing this global research platform. TRACES aims to springboard the building of global relationships and networks across disciplinary boundaries with the goals of a) making these partnerships sustainable b) prioritising the strengthening of research capacity across collaborations c) generating necessary pilot data and d) and winning large-scale competitive research awards that will support long-term programmes of research in this field. Ultimately, this research will provide the evidence for developing interventions that are effective and relevant to context. While TRACES has a particular emphasis on partnerships with South Africa, we are also partnering with other LMICS (Uganda, India, Jamaica, Guyana and Colombia. Within the bounds of this funding, our emphasis on South Africa is strategic as we have particularly strong existing relationships with researchers in that country and are thus confident of success and realising immediate impact within the 12-month period of the award. Our funding programme comprises three different funding mechanisms or entry levels that can springboard relationships with LMIC research partners. These are: - Strategic Fund: 3-9 month pilot projects of £20-30k that will be used to collate preliminary data or developing methodologies in relation to specific research questions where a relationship within an LMIC is already established. - Network Development: This stream will fund a series of workshops and network events, £10-30k, with LMIC partners and collaborators. - Link Funds: These funds are about scoping the potential for further collaboration within LMICs. The award will fund up to £10k for a single workshop/meeting or exchange with an LMIC partner where there is not already an established relationship; and, if successful, awardees will be encouraged to upgrade to application for a network development award if feasible.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"],
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      "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"],
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      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
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      "budget_type":["1"],
      "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2019-04-01T00:00:00Z"],
      "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2020-03-31T00:00:00Z"],
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      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_R024324_1",
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      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Historical and epidemiological transitions in urban Caribbean foodscapes: understanding the past to enhance future healthy eating"],
      "description_narrative":["Current public health strategies fail to effectively promote adequate nutrition in populations, because they focus on individuals' behaviours and choices without addressing larger influences such as food cultures and food systems. Instead, healthy environments need to be created that enable easy access to healthy and nutritious food. Cities in an increasingly urbanising world are ideal places for such transformation.   The Caribbean region has identified chronic non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and heart disease as a major threat to population health, social and economic development, and has made a concerted commitment to address this problem through a comprehensive, multi-sectoral response that includes urban planning. To inform their efforts and accelerate action, we propose a cross-disciplinary project to understand historical and epidemiological transformations in two neighbouring but contrasting cities, Kingston (Jamaica) and Port-au-Prince (Haiti), to be able to identify the ways cities in low and middle income countries impact on their populations' food practices, opportunities and in turn health. We aim to develop an in-depth understanding of underlying mechanisms that have led to both 'unhealthy' spaces (e.g. fast food dense neighbourhoods) or 'healthy' spaces (e.g. urban gardens). By investigating how these social, political and economic determinants of nutrition have developed and shaped into contemporary foodscapes, the goal of our project is to inform the prevention of chronic diseases by enhancing healthy eating strategies. The project will map health data onto the historical data to produce an interactive map of the evolution of foodscapes, which will be used to engage with both policymakers and the public as a tool to aid the creation of healthy environments that enable easy access to healthy and nutritious food.  Under the guidance of leading historians and global health researchers, early career researchers at the University of the West Indies will conduct feasibility research merging methods from historical and health research. A historical work package will use online newspaper archives, and innovatively combine with interviews with local experts to examine changes in urban population growth and urban inequality and its impact on food production and consumption, the availability of food outlets, and dining habits from the Second World War to present. A health work package will examine major epidemiological trends in nutrition for the same time frame and assess its impact on NCDs through an analysis of existing public health survey and routine data, and combine this analysis with focus group data on contemporary food practices and choices. This feasibility fieldwork will be carried out in Kingston, Jamaica, and Port-au-Prince, Haiti, in preparation for the development of a larger follow-up grant proposal expanding to the wider region and similar settings. This feasibility work will be prepared during a Project Co-Development Workshop in Jamaica to which we will invite regional stakeholders from academia, government and civil society (e.g. health NGOs) to agree on common research goals that tie into current practice and policy projects (e.g. regeneration plans for parts of Kingston); and it will be consolidated in a final Project Co-Analysis Workshop to analyse the data and develop a sustainable collaborative research strategy and future projects.  Melding humanities and epidemiological methods and expertise, we propose a highly innovative project with a research question novel for both fields, and based around a unique collaboration. It will build the methodological capacity needed to understand the mechanisms that have produced 'unhealthy' and reduced 'healthy' foodscapes in urban areas in low and middle income countries, which is essential for urban planners working to create healthy urban food environments.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF EXETER"],
      "activity_status_code":"4",
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      "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"],
      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
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