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      "title_narrative":["Examining the effectiveness and acceptability of the use of bio-fortified crops in alleviating micronutrient deficiencies in Pakistan"],
      "description_narrative":["According to the World Health Organisation, dietary zinc deficiency is a global problem affecting 17% of the world's population, with the greatest burden in developing countries. The most recent national survey in Pakistan indicates that over 40% of women are zinc deficient, compared with less than 15% in Europe and North America.  The consequences of zinc deficiency are profound and far reaching, ranging from stunted growth and development in children, increased susceptibility to infections in children and adults, and complications during pregnancy and childbirth.  This has a negative economic impact on the family, the community and the region. Various strategies to overcome zinc deficiency have been attempted but it is difficult to achieve when large populations are concerned.  Dietary zinc supplements are expensive and do not always reach the most vulnerable groups who may live in remote or difficult to reach locations due to poor infrastructure or security problems. In contrast,  biofortification of staple foods has potential as a sustainable means of increasing population dietary zinc intake. However to date, few studies have been undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and cultural acceptability of this strategy.  One of the key challenges in measuring the effectiveness of such strategies is the lack of a sensitive biomarker of zinc status that is suitable for use in remote settings We have an opportunity to evaluate the potential of a newly developed strain of biofortified wheat, produced by HarvestPlus, as a means of increasing dietary zinc intake in Pakistan. Through a collaboration with a Pakistan based fertilizer company, we will examine the impact of fertilization strategies and soil conditions on the wheat zinc content by of the addition of zinc rich fertilizer to the soil and foliage during the growing season in regions of Pakistan with contrasting soil zinc status.  Previous studies have indicated that this new strain of wheat has potential to reach a zinc content that is around 45% higher than the standard varieties.  The grain grown in our study will be analysed to measure the zinc content, and also the location of the zinc within the individual grains. A double blind trial will be conducted to examine whether or not consuming the flour made from the high zinc grain has a beneficial impact on the zinc status of zinc deficient women living in a rural community in North West Pakistan.  The high zinc grain will be compared with standard grain, both of which will be provided to forty families to consume for eight weeks, with group A (20 families) consuming the high zinc grain, and group B (20 families) consuming the control grain.  The families will switch over after eight weeks.  To monitor the impact of consuming the flour on zinc status we will use established methods (plasma and hair zinc concentration), and we will also evaluate new indicators of zinc status that have potential for use in population based surveys, including markers of DNA damage and a novel portable laser technique for measuring nail Zn concentration.   The success of a biofortification strategy requires that the intervention achieves wide and sustained uptake at production and consumption stages. Therefore, through our extensive and established networks with community leaders and farmers, we will assess the cultural context, traditions, knowledge and attitudes to biofortification in this setting, through focus groups and interviews.  A key component of this research is training and capacity building.  This is a two-way process by which expertise is shared among the project partners, so that young researchers in Pakistan and in the UK are better equipped to take this important research agenda forward into the future, and to build on the collaborative links generated during this project.  The findings of this research will be disseminated to researchers and policy makers word wide.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE"],
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      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "transaction_date_iso_date":["2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-09-30T00:00:00Z","2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","2017-05-01T00:00:00Z"],
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      "transaction_value_date":["2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-12-31T00:00:00Z","2018-09-30T00:00:00Z","2018-06-30T00:00:00Z","2018-03-31T00:00:00Z","2017-12-31T00:00:00Z","2017-09-30T00:00:00Z","2017-06-30T00:00:00Z","2017-05-01T00:00:00Z"],
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      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-BB_S013989_1",
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      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Biofortification with Zinc and Iron for Eliminating Deficiency in Pakistan (BiZIFED2)"],
      "description_narrative":["Zinc and iron deficiencies are a global public health problem, with the greatest burden occurring in low and middle-income countries. In Pakistan, over 40% of women are zinc deficient and over 20% have iron deficiency anaemia. These micronutrient deficiencies have negative consequences for maternal and child health, and it is imperative that sustainable and cost-effective solutions are found.  The project will investigate the potential of biofortification to reduce zinc and iron deficiencies in Pakistan. Biofortification is a process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved through conventional plant breeding techniques and addition of nutrient-rich fertilisers. HarvestPlus has developed a variety of wheat with significantly greater zinc and iron concentrations, compared to standard varieties. Wheat is the staple crop in Pakistan and most families consume chapatis (made from wheat flour) with every meal. Therefore, we believe that biofortified flour may benefit communities who cannot afford to consume a diverse range of foods.  The project has three main components, to be delivered over two years. The first component is a randomised controlled trial effectiveness study, to assess the impact of consuming biofortified flour on zinc and iron status. The participants will be 500 adolescent girls (aged 10-16 years) and 500 children (aged 1-5 years) living in a low-resource community in North West Pakistan. In phase 1 (months 1-6), the participants and their families will consume their usual locally purchased flour. The cost of the flour will be reimbursed as an incentive to participate in the study. In phase 2 (months 7-12), they will consume either biofortified flour (intervention group) or standard flour (control group), both of which will be grown locally. The participants will be randomly allocated to the intervention or control group and they will not know which flour they are consuming (nor will the research team). A range of biochemical measures will be taken to assess the impact of consuming biofortified flour on zinc and iron status. We will also record the incidence of diarrhoea and upper respiratory tract infections (in children), which are known to be associated with zinc deficiency.  The second component focuses on understanding wheat growing conditions in Pakistan, and supporting farmers to improve the yield and grain quality of biofortified wheat. Variations in soil fertility and grain quality will be mapped across Punjab Province, where 80% of Pakistan's wheat is grown. Computer modelling techniques will be used to predict which soil properties (e.g. soil organic matter, fertility) and management options would lead to optimal zinc concentrations in the wheat grain. Cost-benefit analyses will be conducted for different scenarios, such as standard vs. biofortified wheat, addition of zinc fertilisers, improved soil organic inputs etc.  The third component focuses on promoting the sustainable production and consumption of biofortified wheat in Pakistan. Mixed methods will be used to explore the views and perspectives of farmers (wheat producers) and community members (wheat flour consumers) to understand what factors influence their decisions to adopt biofortified wheat or not. Participants will be recruited from marginalised communities, who often have the poorest diets and may not access other types of nutrition interventions such as centralised flour fortification. The wheat market system in Pakistan will be mapped through consultations with a range of stakeholders. This information will be used to develop and pilot interventions to promote the sustainable production and consumption of biofortified wheat.  As well as intensive communication activities with farmers and consumer, findings will be disseminated to researchers, policy makers, donors, world-wide, through a comprehensive Pathways-to-Impact activities.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000707","GB-COH-RC000707","GB-UKPRN-10007141"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3","4"],
      "participating_org_type":["10","15","15","80"],
      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL","UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL LANCASHIRE"],
      "activity_status_code":"4",
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      "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"],
      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "default_currency":"GBP",
      "default_lang":"en",
      "iati_identifier":"GB-GOV-13-FUND--GCRF-MR_R018448_1",
      "reporting_org_ref":"GB-GOV-13",
      "reporting_org_type_code":"10",
      "reporting_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY"],
      "title_narrative":["Establishing a child and adolescent twin register for research and capacity building on the aetiology of mental illness in Sri Lanka and other LMIC"],
      "description_narrative":["The Medical Research Council is offering a one year grant opportunity to lay the grounds for future large scale research to study mental health issues in low and middle income countries (LMICs). This will build on existing UK-LMIC partnerships and initiate new ones.   Through this grant, we plan to take the initial steps for such research, and to establish a register of infant, child and adolescent twins, and of mothers pregnant with twins, in Sri Lanka (the capital Colombo in the Western province and Vavuniya in the Northern Province). Once the register is developed, our research will start exploring what causes mental illness; the impact of early brain development and the role of genetic, developmental, environmental, social and cultural contributions on the origin of mental disease. Research on twins has several advantages over studying non-twin people since it is possible to study the similarities and differences of identical and non-identical twins in order to understand the relative contribution of genetics and the environment.   We believe that as a result of the initial work undertaken during the first year, we will be able to establish a large register of young twins, some with linked data from their parents via an existing adult twin register, and identify initial data from routine records on children's health and education. Being included on the register does not automatically mean involvement in research. Future research projects will need separate consent and ethics approval from the country of origin of the research proposal and SL.  Our long term vision is to increase the amount of research that can have an influence on health and social care in SL and South Asia. The main partner in this venture is the Institute for Research and Development (IRD SL), which has already established one of the few large functioning population-based adult twin registers, successfully carried out two rounds of published studies, recruited a matched non-twin sample and established a biobank and genetic laboratory. We have also partnered with three South Asian institutions: Independent University of Bangladesh, Health Services Academy-Islamabad, Pakistan, and All India Institute of Medical Sciences.  The UK partners are Keele University, Kings College London, and University of Bristol. We will work towards establishing a virtual centre of excellence on cohort studies (following up a large group of persons to do research).    The three main pillars of the initiative are: (i) high quality research, (ii) ethics, (iii) patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE).  Our team includes world leading experts in twin research, mental health, research methods, ethics, PPIE, and grant development. Increasing the skills of junior academics across the partnership will develop future research leaders and essential skills in all three pillars. We will bring together senior researchers from the partner organisations and form the planning and coordinating units, the steering committee, and the research, ethics and PPIE expert groups to organise these activities. Strengthening the ethics framework within the initiative is very important and we will revise the guidelines developed previously by the IRD.  PPIE is a novel concept to South Asia. Evidence from the UK demonstrates that the quality of research is better and the likelihood of successful recruitment and implementation of the findings is improved when patients and the public are involved in research. We aim to establish a culture of PPIE in Sri Lanka, working with both academic colleagues and lay members; in this instance specifically with twins and their parents.          We plan to develop at least two proposals within the year for further in-depth research and funding. We will decide on the key research questions guided by the research gaps, data gathered during the first year and discussion with patients and public.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"],
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      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL"],
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      "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"],
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      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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      "recipient_country_percentage":[25.0,25.0,25.0,25.0],
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      "budget_type":["1"],
      "budget_period_start_iso_date":["2018-04-01T00:00:00Z"],
      "budget_period_end_iso_date":["2019-03-31T00:00:00Z"],
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      "title_narrative":["Analysing the policy and governance environment for NCD control, and identifying potential policy options."],
      "description_narrative":["The Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) have emerged as the most important global threat to human health and wellbeing. Four major NCDs - heart disease, cancers, diabetes, respiratory diseases - cause the deaths of 38 million people every year, of whom 16 million die prematurely (under the age of 70 years). These diseases cause chronic illness and disability and are a source of suffering and financial hardship for individuals, families, communities and health systems struggling to provide continuous care for people with long-term health problems. The NCDs affect populations across the globe - and they are now the leading cause of death in many low and middle income countries.   Many of these diseases are driven by exposure to commercial products - tobacco, alcohol, highly processed foods (including the so-called 'junk foods') which have high levels of salt, sugar and/or trans-fats. Evidence shows that limiting exposure to these products is likely to bring health benefits, but it is often very difficult for individuals to sustain 'healthy behaviours' over their lifetime. Evidence-informed prevention strategies most likely to bring benefit to the largest numbers of people include: regulating exposure, e.g. taxation on products known to be health-reducing, such as sugary drinks; restricting access, e.g. no sales of tobacco to children, non-smoking zones in public spaces; or reformulating products to make them less likely to cause harm, e.g. lowering the salt content of processed foods. Such strategies, when implemented well, can have a significant impact on improving population health.   However, Governments face many challenges in implementing these policies - for example, there may be resistance from strong and powerful commercial companies that have a vested interest in selling their products. Moreover, in many countries, there is little policy experience in tackling the NCDs.   In this project we propose to undertake detailed policy analyses to identify acceptable and feasible options for Governments in both low- and middle-income countries to tackle the growing burden of NCDs in their countries. Our work will focus on three policy areas - control of sugar, salt and trans-fats in processed foods. We will work with researchers in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Tunisia and Vietnam to identify how the Government in each country is currently tackling NCDs. We will then map out the influences on policy options operating in each country. Such influences are likely to include the role of powerful stakeholders such as the food producing and selling industries, the media, the medical establishment, the Ministry of trade, etc. We will also identify whether any civil society groups (in some countries this might mean, for example, groups of parents concerned about junk-food marketing to children; in other countries it will include groups of patients suffering from diet-related NCDs such as diabetes) are working on policy issues. We will conduct interviews with key stakeholders to better understand the opportunities for seeing effective policy implemented for controlling sugar, salt and/or trans-fats, as well as identifying the challenges and barriers to putting effective policy options into operation.   This kind of health analysis requires a specific skill set which is not common in many countries. As part of our project we will therefore establish and strengthen the capacity of a network of researchers from all 8 countries (including the UK), who will support each other to carry out the analyses and interpret the findings. We will foster cross-learning of policy successes between different countries. In addition, we will promote engagement and dialogue with a wide variety of stakeholders in each country throughout the lifetime of the project in order to ensure that the findings of the research carry meaning and weight in policy decisions to improve population health both in the 7 research countries and beyond.","The Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) supports cutting-edge research to address challenges faced by developing countries. The fund addresses the UN sustainable development goals. It aims to maximise the impact of research and innovation to improve lives and opportunity in the developing world."],
      "participating_org_ref":["GB-GOV-13","GB-COH-RC000346","GB-COH-RC000346"],
      "participating_org_role":["1","2","3"],
      "participating_org_type":["10","15","15"],
      "participating_org_narrative":["DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, ENERGY & INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL","MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL"],
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      "contact_info_organisation_narrative":["Department of Business Energy and Industrial Strategy"],
      "contact_info_department_narrative":["General enquiries"],
      "contact_info_email":["enquiries@odamanagement.org"],
      "contact_info_website":["https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/beis-official-development-assistance-research-and-innovation"],
      "contact_info_mailing_address_narrative":["Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 4th Floor, 1 Victoria Street, SW1H 0ET"],
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